Enfilade

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Attributed to an unknown French prisoner in Dartmoor Prison, Napoleonic War Model (Unidentified British Frigate), ca. 1790–1820, bone with a wooden stand covered in paper, 16 × 12 × 3 inches (Philadelphia: Independence Seaport Museum, Gift of Elizabeth Blaisdell, 1969.091).

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From the press release (3 February 2025) . . .

Small but Mighty! Models, Toys, and Miniature Ships
Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia, opening 20 March 2025

For centuries, people of all ages have been intrigued by model ships. Made for myriad reasons ranging from pure enjoyment to promotional tools, most are unique objects made by hand. Opening on 20 March 2025, a new permanent exhibition at the Independence Seaport Museum (ISM) will display nearly 50 rarely seen models dating from the early 19th century to the later 20th century, along with related paintings and prints. Primarily made of wood, the models were also fashioned out of paper, bone, and metal. Among the examples to be displayed are extraordinarily detailed and realistic models, such as the Heavy Cruiser USS Indianapolis, as well as highly stylized toy models intended for adults and children.

“Guests to the ISM over the years have remarked at the amazing range of ship models, toys, and pond models in our permanent collection,” said Peter Seibert, museum president and CEO. “This new exhibition has given us the opportunity to not only exhibit some of the public’s favorite examples along with many that have rarely ever been shown before. Young and old alike will love exploring these masterpieces of miniature craftsmanship.”

Over the centuries, ships models were used for various purposes. Some were design sources, known as half hulls, used in building larger vessels, while others were used for sport, such as pond models that were raced. Model ships were made as toys for children, and highly crafted, expensive models were intended as toys for adults. Other models were made to commemorate new vessels and were presented to shipbuilders or owners; some that were made by prisoners were used to exchange for food. Model ships were also used as tokens of remembrance either made by those who were on particular boats or those who were simply avid towards certain boats. Most of the models in the Independence Seaport Museum’s collection are ‘scratch built’, meaning that the craftsmen had to shape each piece from raw or lightly prepared materials rather than using premade parts. This method can be complex: metal casting is often used to produce the funnels, propellers, and other elements of a highly detailed model.

Among the most noteworthy ship models to be on view is the Heavy Cruiser USS Indianapolis. The legendary ship—launched on 7 November 1931 at the New York Shipbuilding Company in Camden, New Jersey to deliver the bomb to end World War II—was sunk by Japanese submarine 1-58 on 30 July 1945, after being hit by two torpedoes. Within just twelve minutes, the ship sank and the majority of the crew was launched into the water, while the remaining 300 or so crew members were left onboard. Three days later, a random sighting by a pilot led to the rescue of some of the sailors. (Today, the USS Indianapolis is most famous because its story was recounted in a scene in the movie Jaws.) This model of the Indianapolis, built in 1934–38 by Walter H. Gerber, a German mechanical engineer who originally worked at Cramp’s Shipyard in New York and then later transferred to Cramp’s Shipyard in Philadelphia, is massive in size: it measures 12 feet long by 17 inches wide. It was originally constructed as a radio-controlled, in-water model that had the capability to power its inside mechanics as well. The maker also has an interesting story: Gerber came under scrutiny from the United States government during World War II because he was fixated on the accuracy of the model and came from an enemy country. Afraid that information about the United States Navy would fall into the wrong hands, his actions were monitored and his home was raided, looking for cameras and other equipment supposedly to have been reported and/or voluntarily turned over to the government. Nothing of significance was found.

Another exquisite model of early shipbuilding is the Napoleonic War Model. Made entirely of bone by French prisoners in the British Dartmoor Prison, it was likely traded for food (prisoners were held on British prison ships during the Napoleonic wars; other similar models may have been made by American prisoners during the war of 1812). This model depicts an unidentified British frigate with 50 guns and has a decorative paper-covered wooden stand dating from about 1790 to 1820. With no provenance, it is assumed to be French and made for the British. The model, considered a folk-art masterpiece, was presented to David Bruce, Sr. by Commodore Charles Stewart, United States Navy, at Bordentown, New Jersey, in about 1820. Stewart was a Philadelphian who served in the navy for 63 years, playing key roles in the Quasi-War, Barbary Wars, and the War of 1812.

On 10 August 1893, the Steamer Priscilla, made by the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works Company (John Roach & Sons) in Chester, Pennsylvania, for the Old Colony Steamboat Company, launched. Three years later, she was recreated as a child’s toy by R. Bliss Manufacturing Company in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, known for making inexpensive but realistic toys. One of these large toy ships made of chromolithographed paper attached to a wooden frame is equipped with wheels for motion, is a highlight of Small but Mighty! Measuring 37 inches long by 20 inches high and 5 inches wide, it is in pristine condition and illustrates the color and beauty of late 19th-century ships. This faithfully executed toy offered children a duplicate of the type of vessels actively used on America’s waterways. Toys such as these were sailed on the floors of large Victorian homes and enjoyed by children and, likely, adults as well.

The racing of small model yachts began in England in the 1870s, spread across the European continent, and eventually came to the United States. (New York’s Central Park Lake was built expressly for people to use in sailing pond models.) Organizations such as the Model Yacht Association determined rules and umpired regattas of two types: open water sailing and pond sailing. By 1950, five classes of model yachts were used, including the Marblehead or ‘M’ Class (also known as the 50/800 Class). Their small, manageable size made this sport appealing to those who could not handle a full-scale boat or those with limited financial resources. One such example of an ‘M’ Class model made in 1949, the Pond Yacht Almary II, is featured in the exhibition. It was made by Albert Link (born in Fishtown, Pennsylvania, 1909–1993) and is considered to be one of the biggest and best of its kind. Link worked as a machinist for Smith, Kline, and Beecham in Philadelphia. Link built approximately 15 model sailboats in his lifetime (the Almary II was his eighth) and raced them at Gustine Lake in Fairmont Park, Concourse Hunting Park, League Island Swimming Pool in Philadelphia as well as on Cooper River in Camden, New Jersey, and Long Island, New York. In 1950, he was a national prize winner at the New York Yacht Club and again in 1954 at Cooper River. He stopped racing that same year.

For children of all ages who are fascinated with model ships, Small but Mighty! Models, Toys, and Miniature Ships will delight and inform.