Enfilade

This panel is part of the AISU conference in Palermo:

‘National’ Churches and Mediterranean Ports in the Early Modern Period

Foreign Communities Reshaping the Urban Fabric

Chiese ‘nazionali’ nei porti del Mediterraneo in età moderna (secoli XV–XVIII)

Il ruolo delle comunità forestiere nella riconfigurazione del tessuto urbano

Associazione Italiana di Storia Urbana Congress, Palermo, 10–13 September 2025

Organized by Nadia Rizzo and Carl Alexander Auf der Heyde

Proposals due by 3 May 2025

The establishment of ‘national’ mercantile groups in major Mediterranean port cities—key hubs for cross-cultural exchange—developed continuously from the Middle Ages into the early modern period (Colletta 2012). These ports became meeting places for foreign merchants who organised themselves into ‘nations’, structured associations based primarily on geographical origin, but also on shared language and religion (Petti Balbi 2001). These communities did not limit their activities to commercial spaces such as ‘fondaci’ and ‘logge’.

From at least the fifteenth century, they established meeting and worship places, often gaining patronage for chapels within existing churches. The most ambitious goal of the foreign communities, however, was the construction of a dedicated church, consecrated to their patron saint and intended primarily to meet the religious and liturgical needs of the group (Koller, Kubersky-Piredda 2015 [for national churches in Rome]). In addition to serving as a devotional landmark, the construction of a national church was a clear statement of the community’s presence, identity, and wealth, exerting a tangible and visible influence on the urban and architectural landscape of the host city.

From the mid-sixteenth century, coinciding with a wave of significant urban redevelopment, there was a marked increase in the construction of national churches independent of local religious communities. This phenomenon intensified during the seventeenth century, alongside the architectural fervour of the newly emerging Counter-Reformation orders, fostering a virtuous cycle of competition not only between nations, but also among religious congregations and national communities.

This panel seeks to explore the impact of foreign communities on the urban transformation of Mediterranean port cities between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, with a focus on the institution of the national church as a key reference point. We invite proposals in Italian, English, Spanish, and French that approach this topic from different perspectives and levels of analysis, including:
• Research on the settlement system of a single nation in multiple mercantile centers
• Specific studies on individual national churches
• Diachronic investigations on the settlement of a foreign group in a specific center (from chapels to national churches)
• Comparative overviews of multiple national churches in the same city

To apply, please fill out the form available at the bottom of each session presentation. The link for session 4.1 can be found here. Applicants are required to submit the paper abstract (maximum 5000 characters) and a brief biographical note. For any further information regarding the session, please contact the panel coordinators: Nadia Rizzo (Scuola Normale Superiore, nadia.rizzo@sns.it) and Carl Alexander Auf der Heyde (Università degli Studi di Palermo, carlalexander.aufderheyde@unipa.it).

The congress of the Associazione Italiana di Storia Urbana (Italian Association of Urban History / AISU International) will meet in Palermo, 10–13 September 2025. This year’s theme is The Crossroad City: Relations and Exchanges, Intersections and Crossing Points in Urban Realities.

From ArtHist.net, which includes the French version:

What Does a Sculpture Do to a Garden? What Does a Garden Do to a Sculpture?

Que fait une sculpture à un jardin? Que fait un jardin à une sculpture?, 17e–21e siècle

Musée Rodin, Paris, 6 June 2025

Proposals due by 31 March 2025

Edvard Munch, Le Penseur de Rodin dans le parc du Dr Max Linde à Lübeck, ca. 1907, oil on canvas, 143 × 98 cm (Paris: Musée Rodin).

Part of the 22nd edition of the Rendez-vous aux jardins taking place 6–8 June 2025 under the theme “Stone Gardens / Garden Stones,” the symposium is under the scientific direction of Emmanuelle Héran, Chief Curator and Head of Garden Collections at the Musée du Louvre. The event will be webcast live.

While closely linked since Antiquity, the relationship between sculpture and gardens was rekindled during the Renaissance. Rodin himself pondered this connection, as Paul Gsell recounts in Art: “Statues are usually placed in gardens to embellish them. For Rodin, gardens are here to adorn the statues. For him, Nature remains the supreme mistress, an infinite perfection.” And yet, works tracing the history of gardens often give little consideration to the statuary that inhabits them. Conversely, sculpture scholars rarely reflect on the unique setting of gardens, or on what a sculpture, in turn, can bring to a garden. In both fields, publications are frequently illustrated with tightly framed photographs of sculptures, isolating them as if displayed within a museum—or even entirely cut out from their surroundings. Yet, a garden is not a museum; it offers to three-dimensional works neither the neutrality of a ‘white cube’ nor even the illusion of a ‘green cube’ beneath an open sky.

Indeed, what could be more subject to change, more ephemeral, than a garden? As seasons pass, with the shifting hours of the day and the whims of the weather, the environment surrounding a sculpture is in constant flux. While there does exist a ‘museography’ for gardens—defined both as the art of displaying sculptures within them and as the composition of gardens incorporating sculpture—it has never been the subject of a comprehensive study. It is scarcely taught, neither to curators overseeing an ‘open-air sculpture museum’ nor to landscape architects and garden designers responsible for their creation and upkeep. In this regard, Louis Gevart’s dissertation broke new ground [1].

The question of meaning also arises. In royal and aristocratic parks and gardens, a sculptural ensemble may follow a coherent iconographic program, whose analysis reveals political intentions—such as the renowned Grande Commande of 1674 for Versailles. More often, however, groves and lawns host a disparate collection, whose coherence—if it ever existed—may have faded over time. The history of a collection displayed in a garden can mirror that of a museum. Yet it may also be entirely different, as the works placed in a garden are not necessarily commissioned pieces or first choices. Some may have arrived belatedly, by default, left outdoors for lack of a better option, or, when too damaged or vandalized, removed in haste.

It is thus possible that a restoration, conversion or ex nihilo creation project requires a landscape architect to address the difficult issue of sculptures. In the world of historical monuments, managing a set of statues does not always fall under the responsibility of the chief architect, but of a heritage curator. This separation of powers is worth examining: is it relevant or counterproductive? How can dialogue be established? The choice of materials, their adaptability and durability can all be considered. Site-specific works created in close collaboration with a garden can be cited, such as Giuseppe Penone and Pascal Cribier’s L’Arbre des voyelles in the Tuileries Gardens.

During the 20th century, sculpture parks and gardens—created with this intent—focused more on presenting a “living history of sculpture under construction” (Louis Gevart). Iconographic objectives may have been replaced by the production of a historical-stylistic narrative, without soliciting the help of a landscape architect. However, as the profound changes recently made to Middelheim Park in Antwerp and the recreation of entire programs at Stowe demonstrate, a return to iconographic coherence does seem to be taking place, in response to the public’s presumed expectations.

This symposium welcomes case studies of the same work in different sizes and materials, whose effect on a garden can be decisive for its composition or, on the contrary, become unremarkable. Think of copies of famous ancient sculptures—the Farnese Hercules, the Diana of Versailles—whose use, identified by Haskell and Penny in 1981 and recently revised, continues. Also welcome are examples of sculptures whose contribution to a garden does not appear to be essential, or of attempts that have proved inconclusive, or of bases that have been left empty or refilled. The crucial question remains that of the usefulness and relevance of a three-dimensional work within a garden environment. In other words, what does a sculpture do to a garden? And what does a garden do to a sculpture?

This call is addressed to art historians specializing in gardens or sculpture. It is also aimed at park and garden managers, heritage architects and landscape architects who have carried out preliminary studies or restoration work on historic gardens, so that they can share their thoughts and recent field practices, carried out in close collaboration with art historians and sculptors. It will focus on the following questions:
• What is the use of sculpture in a garden?
• Iconography: the search for coherence
• When the statue is missing / The empty base
• What materials are used in a garden?
• Landscape architects and sculptors / Site-specific works

Submissions—with a title, an abstract (1500–2000 characters), and a brief biographical note (500–1000 characters)—should be sent to colloques@musee-rodin.fr before 31 March 2025.

Research Committee
• Emmanuelle Héran, Chief Curator, Head of Garden Collections, musée du Louvre
• Amélie Simier, Chief Curator, Director, musée Rodin
• Véronique Mattiussi, Head of the Research Department, musée Rodin
• Franck Joubin, Researcher and Conference Coordinator, musée Rodin

[1] Louis Gevart, “La Sculpture et la terre. Histoire artistique et sociale du jardin de sculpture en Europe (1901–1968),” PhD thesis in art history, under the direction of Thierry Dufrêne, Université Paris Ouest La Défense, January 2017.