Enfilade

From the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona:

1,000 m2 of Desire: Architecture and Sexuality
1.000 m2 de Desig: Arquitectura i Sexualitat / 1.000 m2 de Deseo: Arquitectura y Sexualidad
Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, 25 October 2016 — 19 March 2017

Curated by Adélaïde de Caters and Rosa Ferré

The exhibition looks at the way Western society has planned, built, and imagined spaces for sex from the 18th century to the present day. With some 250 exhibits, including drawings and architectural models, art installations, audiovisuals, books, and other materials, the exhibition explores the power of spaces as the driving force of desire and shows how architecture has been a tool that controls behaviour and creates gender stereotypes in our patriarchal society.

It presents some of the projects that have subverted traditional models and advocated utopias of sexual cohabitation or private spaces designed solely for pleasure. It looks afresh at the proposals of Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Charles Fourier, De Sadeand Guy Debord, the radical architecture of the 1960s and 1970s, Carlo Mollino, Adolf Loos, Nicolas Schöffer, Wilhelm Reich, Playboy architecture, and works by contemporary architects and artists.

1000m2 of Desire underpins the need to reappraise, for contemporary times, the validity and interest of some of the radical, speculative projects that seem to speak directly to us today, even though some of them date back more than 200 years. It invite us to consider how sexualities are constructed in accordance with specific cultural codes subject to norms that govern bodies and discourses and the nature of the space of desire and pleasure in our society. The exhibition highlights the way certain forms of resistance to established norms have largely originated from informal architecture and the appropriation of places. It shows how architectural practice has been dominated by men until very recently and, as a result, how spaces designed for pleasure have been imagined from male desires and fantasies. Architecture as the physical design of a space and setting makes up a substantial part of our sexual fantasies. Many of the exhibits have never been created before and are constructed through language or the projected image.

The exhibition is divided into three thematic sections—sexual utopias, libertine refuges, and sexographs—and includes several independent spaces that act as ‘mini exhibitions’, each one curated by different specialists: a recreation of Nicolas Schöffer’s Centre for Sexual Leisure (Eléonore de Lanvandeyra Schöfferand Guillaume Richard), a reading room containing libertine novels (Marie-Françoise Quignard), an installation dedicated to Playboy Magazine and its architecture (Beatriz Colomina and Pep Avilés), and an archetypal 1970s’ porn cinema (Esther Fernández). It also presents William Kentridge’s new installation Right into Her Arms, which the South African artist created for his production of Alban Berg’s Lulu.

Sexual Utopias (18th–20th Centuries)

The exhibition begins with some of the speculative projects by architects, thinkers, artists and communities who have sought to have an impact on sexual behaviour by monitoring spaces. It examines the sexual utopias of the 18th century such as the temple of pleasure, the Oikema, imagined by the architect Claude-Nicolas Ledoux; the Parthenions, which Restif de la Bretonne organised according to detailed rules in his treatise on prostitution, Le Pornographe; and Charles Fourier’s settings for erotic and gastronomic orgies. Fourier’s proposal reveals an imagination, a radicalism and extreme relevance with the phalanstery as the engine of a utopian community governed solely by its inhabitants’ desires. The exhibition also features one of the Marquis de Sade’s cabinets which reveals how he constructed his narrative utopia of excess through his passion for architecture and the performing arts.

Reformist or subversive, these sexual architectures of the 18th and early 19th centuries are contrasted and establish a certain continuity with more contemporary utopias from the modus vivendi of hippy communities to the radical architecture of the 20th century: Ettore Sottsass, the Archigram and Superstudio groups, Rem Koolhaas/OMA, Haus-Rucker-Co and Ricardo Bofill’s Taller de Arquitectura.

The exhibition also seeks to put the spotlight on the visionary work of Nicolas Schöffer who was closely associated with the Situationists and part of the French radical architecture movement in the 1960s. He designed a utopian city, the Ville Cybernétique (1955–69), which contained its own Centre for Sexual Leisure. A vast installation recreates this space made up of sex, volts, dancing cybernetic sculptures, and perfume.

Libertine Refuges (18th–20th Centuries)

This section explores the power wielded by spaces as driving forces of desire and analyses the nature of private realms conceived entirely as settings for pleasure, from the French aristocracy’s petites maisons of the 18th century, with their rooms, décor, and specialist furnishings, to the bachelor pads suggested by Playboy Magazine. It shows the role of architecture as a sensorial experience in seduction strategies and how sophistication in the design of constructional and mechanical devices can fire the erotic imagination.

Architecture and storytelling worked osmotically during the 18th century in a game of mutual fascination. The exhibition presents the architecture of two iconic novels in this regard, La Petite Maison (1758) by Jean-François de Bastide and Point de Lendemain (1777) by Vivant Denon.

The reading room containing libertine novels is presented in this section of the exhibition. Devised by the specialist Marie-Françoise Quignard, it features novels by Nerciat, Crébillon, Servigné, Choderlos de Laclos, and De Sade, among others. The libertine novel, related to the materialistic philosophy of the day, has a single objective: to celebrate desire and the enjoyment of the body. Entering the libertine’s chamber is like entering an imaginary world where the characters are subjected to all the fantasies of desire. It is also like stepping into the atmosphere of enclosed places: into boudoirs, convent cells or brothels where we follow the narrator, the clandestine observer, while the story unfolds.

The exhibition devotes a whole section to Playboy, curated by Beatriz Colomina. The magazine defined a new identity for men that included how they should dress, what they should listen to, drink and read, as well as the environment they ought to live in as well as the furnishings and interior décor. From Frank Lloyd Wright to Mies van der Rohe and including John Lautner and Ant Farm, alongside designs by the Eames, George Nelson, Eero Saarinen and Harry Bertoia, architecture and design are presented as tools capable of altering a code of conduct. As a media machine that had an enormous impact by treating women and buildings as objects of fantasy and desire, Playboy made a significant contribution to the transformation of ‘intimacy’ into a public spectacle. This section reproduces Hugh Hefner’s legendary bed (in contrast to the traditional double bed invented in the 18th century which remains the dominant setting for our sex lives today). According to another of the leading specialists in the Playboy phenomenon, Beatriz Preciado: “The round, revolving bed, connected to a radio-cum-phone-cum-hi-fi system, was used as a place for orgies as well as an office for Hefner who ran his business for years in his pyjamas and without leaving the house. The bed has become a true multimedia platform, the direct predecessor of our laptop computer and a media extension of our libido, as well as a new centre of production and consumption.”

The exhibition also reveals that the architecture of the Modern Movement is a project based on masculinity, which underplays its erotic dimension. Beatriz Colomina sums it up by saying “women are the ghosts of modern architecture.” Adolf Loos designed a bedroom for his wife, Lina, as if it were a fur-lined case and dreamt up a Parisian house for Joséphine Baker. The exhibition also presents the enigmatic and sensualised home interiors designed by Carlo Mollino, and, as a counterpoint to these intimate spaces, the home of Rudolph Schindler in California, which features an experimental programme for two couples living together, with outdoor beds/sleeping baskets.

Sexographs (20th–21st Centuries)

Following in the wake of Guy Debord’s Situationism, the exhibition presents a number of maps of contemporary passions through pieces by architects and artists (such as Bernard Tschumi, ecoLogicStudio [Claudia Pasquero and Marco Poletto], Jean-Didier Bergilez, Danli Wang, Pol Esteve, Marc Navarro and Ania Soliman). It reveals public spaces coded for sex, among them parks, streets, and public toilets. The exhibits in this section include two impressive series of photographs: The Valley by Larry Sultan and The Park by Kohei Yoshiyuki.

The screening room was one of the spaces transformed by the discourses of the sexual revolution of the late 1960s. It was a space that embraced an increasing sexualisation until the advent of the first legal porn films. The so-called ‘porn chic’ that emerged in the United States in the 1970s opened up spaces for the consumption of pornography to the female gaze and envisaged an experience of collective viewing that continued until the mid-1980s, when video technology moved porn into people’s homes. The exhibition features an archetypal porn cinema of the 1970s, where clips from legendary X-rated films will be shown, curated by Esther Fernández,

We will see how venues for sexual encounters (from luxury resorts to brothels, whorehouses-cum-hotels on highways, bathhouses and gay dark rooms, discotheques and bars, oubliettes and BDSM spaces, as well as sex shops) are all highly ritualised social systems. They are domains in which initiation and transgression act as the driving force of desire: a particular type of lighting, smells and music are part of this informal architecture. They are designed for and, at the same time, govern particular practices. They are all spaces of representation that reflect group mythologies.

But what are the spaces for sex today? Undoubtedly cyberspace, with internet porn and encounters apps for every taste, is growing in importance. Now that we are fully steeped in the technological utopia, artists, such as Yann Mihn, are engaged in a search for telepathic ecstasy. Mihn is working on the prototype of a machine that will enable total immersion in virtual reality and stimulation (teledildonics), his “NooScaphe-X1 Cybersex immersion engine”.

In Hacer el amor en abstracto: la arquitectura de la cultura de baile, the architect and artist Pol Esteve examines the spatial experience of discotheques and raves and the way in which a combination of technologies such as stroboscopic lights, music and drugs can produce orgasmic effects and a displaced sexuality.

Ingo Niermann proposes a community of sex volunteers with his platform of an army of love, thearmyoflove.net, who will create situations and spaces of satisfaction for those who are ‘usually excluded’, people with physical problems or with a body that does not match conventions of attractiveness.

Desire in the 21st century is the desire of others expressed through recognition and in the competition for representation. From the selfie to Instagram, we are compelled to look sexy and happy; the internet makes the laborious construction of the image of our private lives compulsory. Do sexual images on the web represent or replace relationships by sublimating them? Is the hypersexualisation of society, as it is represented by the media, substituting actual sexual life? Society seems to have plunged into a narcissistic depression in which the internet functions as a masturbatory machine. In the Western context, in which permissiveness is no longer transgression but the norm, what role does space play in reviving transgressive eroticism, in re-eroticising society?

This project explores the interstices of freedom in certain non-normative spaces for desire, such as the queer movement, and the way these constitute revolutionary resistance to commodified scenarios and to the control of increasingly all-encompassing social structures.

Adélaïde de Caters, Rosa Ferré, Beatriz Colomina, Marie-Françoise Quignard, Pol Esteve, Ester Fernández Cifuentes, Ingo Niermann, Fulvio Ferrari, and Rem Koolhaas, 1,000 m2 of Desire: Architecture and Sexuality / 1.000 m2 de Desig: Arquitectura i Sexualitat / 1.000 m2 de Deseo: Arquitectura y Sexualidad (Barcelona: CCCB and Direcció de Comunicació de la Diputació de Barcelona, 2016), 200 pages, ISBN: 978-8498037500 (Català / English), ISBN: 978-8498037517 (Castellano / English), 20€.

S E L E C T E D  O B J E C T S

The exhibition has received loans from prestigious international institutions, including FracTurbulence Orleans, the MoMA Architecture Department New York, the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF), the Biblioteca Nacional de España (BNE), and from the collections of the architects who have taken part in the project and given generously of their time.

Architectural Originals
• Drawings by Jeremy Bentham and his Panopticon
• The Campo Marzio by Giovanni Battista Piranesi
• Drawings by Jean-Jacques Lequeu, Pierre-Adrien Pâris, Charles Fourier, Ettore Sottsass, Superstudio, Archigram, Madelon Vriesendorp, Ant farm, Douglas Darden, Coop Himmelb(l)au, and Haus-Rucker-Co, among others

Original Photographs
• Polaroids by Carlo Mollino
• The Valley series by Larry Sultan
• The Park series by Kohei Yoshiyuki

Installations
• Centre for Sexual Leisure (CLS) with original works by Nicolas Schöffer
• METAfolly Pavilion by ecoLogicStudio
• Right into Her Arms, a new work by William Kentridge for the exhibition
• In front of the Green Door by Johannes Wohnseifer
• Hacer el amor en abstracto: la arquitectura de la cultura de baile by Pol Esteve
• Army of Love, Ania Soliman
• Playboy installation with a reproduction of Hugh Hefner’s bed
• Reproduction of Wilhelm Reich’s Orgone

Maquettes and Models
• Reproduction of the city of the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans and the Oikema Temple of Pleasure
• Reproduction of the room in the Château de Silling where stories are told in The 120 Days of Sodom by the Marquis de Sade
• Models of the Playboy Townhouse and of Hugh Hefner’s private jet Big Bunny
• Model of the Villa Rosa by the Coop Himmelb(l)au

Treatises on Architecture
• Fransesco Colonna, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili ou Le Songe de Poliphile (first edition published in Venice in 1499)
• Jacques-François Blondel, De la distribution des maisons de plaisance et de la décoration en général (1737–38), 2 volumes
• Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, L’architecture considérée sous le rapport de l’art, des mœurs et de la législation (1804), 2 volumes
• Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières, Le génie de l’architecture, ou L’analogie de cet art avec nos sensations (1780)

Libertine Books
• Crébillon, Le Sofa, 1742
• Boyer d’Argens, Thérèse philosophe, 1748
• Julian Offray de la Mettrie, L’art de jouir, 1751
• Jean-Baptiste-Marie Guillard de Servigné, Les sonnettes ou Mémoires du marquis D**, 1751
• Marquis de Sade, La philosophie dans le boudoir, 1795
• Marquis de Sade, Histoire de Juliette, 1797

Prints from the 18th and 19th Centuries
• Rebus sur l’Amour by Stefano Della Bella (18th century)
• Le Phallus phénoménal and Le Roi Phallus malade et défait reçoit la visite de ses médecins by Dominique Vivant Denon, 1793–94
•  Works by unknown artists and printmakers, such as Portes et fenêtres (19th century)
• Le verrou and Les heureux hasards de l’escarpolette by Jean-Honoré Fragonard

Audio-Visual Materials
• Documentaries on Bentham’s Panopticon and hippie communes by Andrés Hispano and Félix Pérez Hita
• Virtual 3D reproduction of the house designed by Adolf Loos for Joséphine Baker
• Playboy’s Progress, an animated work by Olivier Otten
• Documentaries by Ant Farm, Haus-Rucker-Co and Superstudio
• Films such as Un chant d’amour by Jean Genet and Army of Love by Ingo Niermann

In noting the Bouchardon exhibition at the Louvre this fall, I omitted this publication from Somogy, which accompanies the show (along with an exhibition catalogue and a catalogue raisonné). –CH

Marc  Fumaroli, Le Comte de Caylus et Edme Bouchardon: Deux réformateurs du goût sous Louis XV (Paris: Somogy, 2016), 96 pages, ISBN: 978-2757211861, 7€.

Tout semblait éloigner, dans l’ordre social et dans ses apparences, le grand seigneur Anne Claude de Caylus, né sur les marches du trône, et le roturier de province, né dans une obscure famille de sculpteurs champenois, Edme Bourchardon, sinon leur foi ardente et commune dans la supériorité des Anciens et un zèle commun et acharné à remonter la pente du déclin. (…) La rencontre en janvier 1733 entre Caylus l’amateur savant et réformateur et Bouchardon, jeune sculpteur déjà célèbre à Rome et en Europe comme la réincarnation française des sculpteurs grecs Polyclète et Polygnote, infléchit leurs deux carrières alliées dans le grand dessein de faire revivre en France et ensuite en Europe le pur goût grec et « à la grecque ». (…) Un peu forcé, comme l’avait été le retour de Poussin à Paris en 1640, le voyage Rome-Paris de Bouchardon, en 1732–33, ramena en France le nouvel archétype du grand artiste « à l’antique », pierre angulaire éventuelle de la reconstruction de l’Académie royale et d’une restauration de son système éducatif, accusé d’avoir dégénéré les intentions de ses fondateurs.

Marc Fumaroli, né en 1932, historien de la littérature et des arts de l’Ancien Régime français, est membre de l’Académie française, professeur émérite au Collège de France, président honoraire de la Société des Amis du Louvre. Il est l’auteur de L’École du silence, le sentiment des images au XVIIe siècle (Paris, Flammarion, 1994), de Peinture et pouvoirs, de Rome à Paris aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Dijon, Faton, 2007), et de Paris – New York et retour, voyage dans les arts et les images (Paris, Fayard, 2009, et Flammarion, 2011, quatrième édition). Il prépare une ample biographie du comte de Caylus en son siècle, un essai sur la réception du Traité du Sublime de Tacite à Winckelmann, de Kant à Adorno, et un recueil d’articles sur l’art français sous la monarchie à paraître aux éditions Gallimard.

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