Enfilade

Madrid court workshop of Charles III under the direction of José Canops, Writing bureau with exotic marquetry decoration, ca. 1772–73
(Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kunstgewerbemuseum; photo by Stephan Klonk)

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Now on view at Berlin’s Museum of Decorative Arts, from the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, with a related conference taking place 25–27 January:

Canops: Extraordinary Furniture for Charles III of Spain, 1759–1788
Kunstgewerbemuseum, Schloss Köpenick, Berlin, 12 October 2023 — 11 February 2024

Curated by Achim Stiegel

Although largely unknown today, the work of José Canops (1733–1814), an ébéniste of German descent born Joseph Cnops, and his Madrid workshop is one of the crowning achievements of European furniture-making.

The furniture and boiseries are from the apartments of Charles III of Spain (r. 1759–1788), a Gesamtkunstwerk in exuberant rococo style conceived by the court painter and stuccoist Mattia Gasparini—a truly European creation inspired by Italian traditions, a taste for Parisian opulence, and the exotic worlds of Asia. Such elements combine in Canops’s work with the precision of German cabinetmaking and the riches of the Spanish colonies.

The starting point for the exhibition and publication was the acquisition for the Kunstgewerbemuseum of a magnificent roll-top desk by José Canops. With lavish new photography and never previously exhibited loans from the Patrimonio Nacional (the Spanish royal collections in Madrid), German and international audiences are afforded a glimpse into a hitherto hidden world.

In conjunction with the Spanish Embassy, the Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut of the Preußischer Kulturbesitz and Instituto Cervantes Berlin, the exhibition is accompanied by a programme of supporting events within the context of the 2023 Spanish presidency of the Council of the European Union.

Daniela Heinze, Achim Stiegel, et al., Canops: Möbel von Welt für Karl III. von Spanien (1759–1788), with photographs by Stephan Klonk (Petersberg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2023), 288 pages, ISBN: 978-3731913689, €50.

An exhibition from 2022 that I missed, though the catalogue is still available from Michael Imhof:

Tischbein: Meisterwerke des Hofmalers, Porträts und Landschaften von Johann Heinrich Tischbein d. Ä. (1722–1789) (Petersberg : Michael Imhof Verlag, 2022), 160 pages, ISBN: 978-3731912675, €35.

Ausstellung im Schloss Fasanerie in Eichenzell/Fulda: 11. Juni bis 9. Oktober 2022

Am 3. Oktober 2022 jährt sich der Geburtstag Johann Heinrich Tischbeins des Älteren (1722–1789) zum 300. Mal. Den runden Geburtstag des bedeutendsten Vertreters der berühmten hessischen Malerdynastie Tischbein nimmt die Kulturstiftung des Hauses Hessen zum Anlass, dem landgräflich-hessischen Hofmaler im Museum Schloss Fasanerie bei Fulda eine monografische Ausstellung zu widmen. Ein Schwerpunkt der Ausstellung stellt die Rolle Tischbeins als Hofmaler dreier hessischer Landgrafen in Kassel dar. Im Jahr 1753 wurde Johann Heinrich d. Ä. von Landgraf Wilhelm VIII. von Hessen-Kassel zum Hofmaler ernannt und blieb es auch während der gesamten Regierungszeit Friedrichs II. (1760–1785). Obwohl Tischbein bei Regierungsantritt Wilhelms IX. bereits krank war, blieb er auch unter ihm Hofmaler, und der Landgraf richtete auf Schloss Wilhelmshöhe eine ihm posthum gewidmete Gemäldegalerie ein. Aufträge erhielt der Maler jedoch nicht allein von Mitgliedern des Kasseler Hofs, er schuf auch zahlreiche Porträts für Fürst Karl August von Waldeck und Pyrmont und stattete dessen Residenz in Bad Arolsen mit Gemälden aus. Darüber hinaus porträtierte Tischbein seine eigene Familie und war auch bei bürgerlichen Auftraggebern jenseits von Hof und Residenz gefragt. Neben Porträts zeigt der Katalog Landschaftsgemälde von Johann Heinrich Tischbein d. Ä. Darunter befinden sich wichtige Ansichten des Schlosses auf dem Weißenstein (dem Vorgängerbau von Schloss Wilhelmshöhe in Kassel) und der das Schloss umgebenden Parkanlagen des 18. Jahrhunderts.

i n h a l t

Zum Geleit Donatus Landgraf von Hessen

1 Johann Heinrich Tischbein d. Ä.: Selbstbildnisse als Inszenierungdes sich wandelnden Künstlertums — Justus Lange
Katalog
2 Die Porträts Landgraf Friedrichs II. von Hessen-Kassel — Andreas Dobler
Katalog
3 Landgräfin Philippine von Hessen-Kassel (1745–1800) im Porträt — Malena Rotter
Katalog
4 Denker und Dichterinnen: Johann Heinrich Tischbeins d. Ä. Porträtmalerei jenseits von Hof und Residenz — Andrea Linnebach
Katalog
5 Landschaftsgemälde von Johann Heinrich Tischbein d. Ä.— Markus Miller
Katalog

Literaturverzeichnis

Now on view at Gainsborough’s House (which was just announced as the winner of The Georgian Group’s 2023 award for the ‘Restoration of a Georgian Building in an Urban Context’). . .

James Gillray: Characters in Caricature
Gainsborough’s House, Sudbury, 11 November 2023 — 10 March 2024

Curated by Tim Clayton

James Gillray (1756–1815) was Georgian Britain’s funniest, most inventive, and most celebrated graphic satirist. His work transcends his own time and has continued to influence his successors of the modern age, from David Low to Martin Rowson. Tim Clayton, author of 2022’s definitive biography of James Gillray, brings the master satirist to life in an astonishing, colourful, and at times salacious exhibition, James Gillray: Characters in Caricature. This lively and daring exhibition examines how Gillray exposed the most notorious scandals of his time by focusing on the artist’s principal characters—household names to which he returned to again and again, from Emma Hamilton to the Emperor Napoleon.

Tim Clayton, James Gillray: Characters in Caricature (Sudbury: Gainsborough’s House Society, 2023), ISBN: 978-0946511693, £20.

Now on view at the Thyssen:

Maestras / Women Masters
Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, 31 October 2023 — 4 February 2024

Curated by Rocío de la Villa

Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, Portrait of a Woman, ca. 1787, oil on canvas. 100 × 81 cm (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Quimper).

Artemisia Gentileschi, Angelica Kauffmann, Clara Peeters, Rosa Bonheur, Mary Cassatt, Berthe Morisot, María Blanchard, Natalia Goncharova, Sonia Delaunay, and Maruja Mallo were celebrated artists in their lifetimes who are now enjoying renewed recognition in response to their erasure from the art-historical account alongside others who broke moulds with creations of undoubted excellence. Featuring nearly 100 works—including paintings, sculptures, works on paper, and textiles—Maestras is curated from a feminist viewpoint by Rocío de la Villa. The exhibition presents a survey from the late 16th century to the early decades of the 20th century through eight contexts important within women’s path towards emancipation. Starting from the contemporary notion of sisterhood, it focuses on groups of female artists, patrons, and gallerists who shared values as well as favourable socio-cultural and theoretical conditions despite the patriarchal system. Employing a structure principally based on the conjunction of historical periods, artistic genres, and themes, the exhibition reveals how these artists approached important issues of their day, established their positions, and contributed new iconographies and alternative gazes.

The exhibition is divided into eight sections:
• Sisterhood I. The Causa delle Donne
• Botanists, Well-Versed in Wonders
• Enlightened Women and Academicians
• Orientalism / Genre Painting
• Workers, Carers
• New Portrayals of Motherhood
• Sisterhood II. Rapport
• Emancipated Women

Women Masters is the first major exhibition to reflect the process of feminist rethinking on which the Museo Thyssen has been engaged over the past few years. It benefits from the collaboration of the Comunidad de Madrid and sponsored by Carolina Herrera. After its presentation in Madrid, a reduced version of the exhibition can be seen at the Arp Museum Bahnhof Rolandseck in Remagen (Germany).

Rocío de la Villa, Haizea Barcenilla, Ana Martínez-Collado, and Marta Mantecón, Maestras (Madrid: Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, 2023), 256 pages, ISBN: 978-8417173784, €38. Spanish with appendix with texts in English.

Now on view at the Musée Marmottan Monet:

Berthe Morisot et l’art du XVIIIe siècle: Watteau, Boucher, Fragonard, Perronneau
Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, 31 March — 10 September 2023
Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris, 18 October 2023 — 3 March 2024

Curated by Marianne Mathieu and Dominique d’Arnoult, with Claire Gooden

From 18 October 2023 to 3 March 2024, the Musée Marmottan Monet will present a very special exhibition, entitled Berthe Morisot and the Art of the 18th Century: Watteau, Boucher, Fragonard, Perronneau. The exhibition is curated by art historians Marianne Mathieu and Dominique d’Arnoult, with the participation of Claire Gooden, Head of Conservation at the Musée Marmottan Monet. Sixty-five art works from French and international museums, as well as private collections are brought together here for the first time to highlight the links between the work of the first female Impressionist Berthe Morisot (1841-1895) and the art of Antoine Watteau (1684–1721), François Boucher (1703–1770), Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732–1806), and Jean-Baptiste Perronneau (1715–1783). Based on an analysis of mainly unpublished sources (letters, press clippings, and notebooks belonging to Berthe Morisot and her husband Eugène Manet and their entourage) and an in-depth genealogical study, this exhibition and the corresponding catalogue shed new light on a subject often mentioned by historians yet never having been the focus of dedicated and exhaustive research. While it has been demonstrated that Berthe Morisot is not Fragonard’s great-grand-niece and had no family ties to him, the exhibition nevertheless emphasizes the veritable foundations of their artistic affinities, retracing the chronology of their development, as well as their main characteristics.

Berthe Morisot: Shaping Impressionism (London: Dulwich Picture Gallery, 2023), 210 pages, ISBN: ‎978-1898519485, $40.

Pierre Denis Martin, View of Paris from the Quai de la Rapée toward la Salpêtrière, l’île Saint-Louis, and l’île de la Cité, 1716, oil on canvas, 170 × 315 cm (Paris: Louvre / Musee Carnavalet)

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Now on view at the Musée Carnavalet:

The Régence in Paris, 1715–1723: The Dawn of the Enlightenment
Musée Carnavalet, Paris, 20 October 2023 — 25 February 2024

Curated by Valérie Guillaume, with José de Los Llanos and Ulysse Jardat

The Musée Carnavalet – Histoire de Paris presents an exhibition on the Regency, a forgotten period in history, marking the return of the King and of political, economic, and cultural life to Paris.

Louis XIV died in Versailles on 1 September 1715, leaving behind a nation in debt and a five-year-old child too young to rule, Louis XV, as his heir. On 2 September, the Duke Philippe d’Orléans (1674–1723), nephew of the late King, took on the role of Regent of France. This exhibition takes place as part of the tricentennial commemoration of the Regent’s death.

In 1715, the court, the government, and all the administrations moved back to Paris, the second city in Europe, whose population then increased significantly. Thus, the city, and notably the Palais-Royal, the Regent’s residence, became the heart of all political life. A period of intense cultural effervescence ensued, giving rise to a world of philosophical, economic, and artistic innovations. Voltaire, Marivaux, Montesquieu, Law, and Watteau are some the most well-known figures of the time. With the invention of paper money and the bankruptcy of 1720, these years of economic and financial frenzy were interspersed with significant twists and turns. Under the Régence emerged a newfound freedom of criticism, which would become known as the spirit of the Enlightenment.

The exhibition’s thematic structure highlights the innovations of the period in order to illustrate the breadth of their historical significance. Over 200 works from public and private collections—paintings, sculptures, prints, items of decor, and pieces of furniture—help us explore this period of history, accounting for the mutations of society at a time when Paris was becoming the cultural capital of France in a permanent way.

Curators
• Valérie Guillaume, director of the Musée Carnavalet – Histoire de Paris
• José de Los Llanos, head curator, in charge of the Graphic Arts Department and the Maquettes Department
• Ulysse Jardat, curator, head of the Decor, Furniture, and Decorative Arts Department

La Régence à Paris (1715–1723): L’aube des Lumières (Paris: Paris-Musées, 2023), 224 pages, ISBN: 978-2759605705, €39.

Installation view of Reversos / On the Reverse, at The Prado in Madrid, 2023.

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Now on view at The Prado:

On the Reverse
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, 7 November 2023 — 3 March 2024

Curated by Miguel Ángel Blanco

Until 3 March 2024, the Museo Nacional del Prado and Fundación AXA are undertaking a journey that moves beyond the surface of artistic masterpieces to allow for the contemplation of a fascinating reality: the hidden side of the work of art, its reverse. Alongside works from the Prado’s own collection, On the Reverse includes generous loans from other national and international institutions. They include Assemblage with Graffiti by Antoni Tàpies from Fundación Telefónica, Cosimo I de’Medici by Bronzino from the Abelló Collection, Self-Portrait as a Painter by Van Gogh from the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, Artist in His Studio by Rembrandt from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and The Empty Mask by Magritte from the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf. In all, about a hundred works are on display.

For the exhibition, curated by artist Miguel Ángel Blanco, rooms A and B of the Jerónimos Building have been painted black for the first time. On the Reverse takes the form of an open survey that gives maximum freedom to the spatial relationship between the works, devoid of any hierarchy or chronological ordering and including the presence of creations by contemporary artists such as Vik Muniz, Sophie Calle, and Miguel Ángel Blanco himself, who is represented by three of his box-books from the Library of the Forest. Taking his starting point from a contemplation of Las Meninas—in which the reverse of the vast canvas on which Velázquez is working occupies a large portion of the pictorial surface—Blanco proposes an unusual approach to painting by turning the works around in order to encourage visitors to establish a new and more complete relationship with the artists whose work is included.

Numerous studies have been undertaken to date on individual works that have interesting backs for different reasons, and some museums have explored this aspect in a partial manner through small exhibitions focused on the reverse of works in their collections. However, with the collaboration of Fundación AXA, it is the Museo Nacional del Prado that is now approaching this subject with the necessary ambition. In addition to undertaking a complete reassessment of the backs of works in its collections, the Museum has also located examples in some of the world’s leading museums that reveal how an appreciation of works of art is enriched when their contemplation is not limited to the front.

Structured thematically, the exhibition includes artists never previously seen at the Prado, among them Van Gogh (1853–1890), René Magritte (1898–1967), Lucio Fontana (1899–1968), Pablo Palazuelo (1915–2007), Antoni Tàpies (1923–2012), Sophie Calle (b. 1953), Vik Muniz (b. 1961), Michelangelo Pistoletto (b. 1933), José María Sicilia (b. 1954), Wolfgang Beurer (active 1480–1504), Louis-Léopold Boilly (1761–1845), Carl Gustav Carus (1789–1869), Vilhelm Hammershøi (1864–1916), Martin van Meytens (1695–1770), Wallerant Vaillant (1623–1677), Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880–1938), and Max Liebermann (1847–1935).

On the Reverse opens with ‘The Artist behind the Canvas’, crossing that dimensional threshold to which Velázquez draws our attention with the enigmatic reverse of the canvas depicted in Las Meninas. Painters frequently portrayed themselves behind a picture, but even when these backs are not so directly associated with the artist’s activity, they acquire a prominent presence as objects of special significance in painters’ studios.

The depiction of the back returns in ‘This Is Not a Reverse’, a section that paraphrases Magritte in order to bring together various trompe l’oeils that represent backs of paintings. This meta-artistic subject reveals the enormous significance that the hidden side of works could acquire for artists, leading them to imitate the annotations, inscriptions, drawings, etc, habitually found on picture backs.

One of the elements that makes up the pictorial support is the subject of ‘The Stretcher as Cross’, the exhibition’s third section. This concealed structural element normally takes the form of a wooden cross that can be used to carry the painting from one place to another. When—in a habitual, everyday action that also emphasises the three-dimensional status of the work which this exhibition analyses—an artist picks up the cross of the stretcher in order to move the work in the studio or take it outside for the purpose of painting outdoors he/she is performing a type of ‘Via Crucis’ that symbolises the effort and difficulties of artistic endeavour.

Martin van Meytens, Kneeling Nun, obverse and reverse, ca. 1731, oil on copper, 28 × 21 cm (Stockholm: Nationalmuseum, NM 7036; purchased in 2006 with the Axel och Nora Lundgren Fund). The painting was also included in the 2017–18 exhibition Casanova: The Seduction of Europe.

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The exhibition’s central section, ‘B-Sides’, focuses on works that can be termed ‘two-sided’. Here the back has its own artistic status and complements the principal image in various ways. It may feature the back of a figure seen from the front on the other side, a landscape or allegorical scene that modifies the meaning of the principal representation, heraldic information, associated religious themes, portraits, and more. Continuing this theme, the section ‘The Hidden Side’ includes works in which the back reveals traces of the creative process in the form of drawings, geometrical designs, or expressive whimsies.

‘More Information on the Back’ looks at a classic problem in painting. Although word and image coexisted relatively easily until the Middle Ages, a moment arrived when artists entrusted all the weight of the narrative to the latter. Furthermore, when they needed to convey information, identify subjects or individuals, or include additional information or commentaries on the execution of the work, they almost invariably wrote on the back. In some cases information has been added to backs at a later date in the form of labels and stamps or seals that help us to trace the history of the works: the collections they belonged to, the palaces they adorned, their changes of location, and any restoration undertaken on them.

Zacarías González Velázquez, Reverse of Two Fishermen, One with a Rod and the Other Seated, 1785, oil on canvas (Madrid, Cuartel General del Ejército, depósito del Museo Nacional del Prado). The back of the painting reveals a strip of canvas that was folded over the stretcher at some date in order to fit the work into a narrower space.

In other cases, as seen in ‘Ornaments and Ghosts’, the backs reveal stories contained in the works’ actual materials: textiles that had domestic uses or patterned weaves that contain unintentional ghosts which appear when oil soaks into the cloth. In addition, the section ‘Folds, Cuts, and Cutouts’ shows how old restorations and alterations made to adapt paintings to new locations or functions are visible on reverses that include repairs, cuts, and folds that result in part of the image being relegated to facing the wall.

It is easy to simplify the experience of ‘facing’ a painting to a question of fronts: the work’s and the viewer’s. Looking at a painting implies locating ourselves before it with our ‘front side’, where our eyes are located. However, for some time now, the experience of art has been understood as something more physical; our entire body in all its dimensions participates in it. In fact, in both depictions of artists working in their studios and in images of the public looking at art in museums and exhibitions these figures are often seen ‘From behind, In front of the Painting’.

Finally, ‘Nature in the Background’ investigates the unusual or less common materials that have been used over the centuries as the supports for paintings in the Museum’s collection. This research has identified copper, tin, slate, alabaster, cork, brick, porcelain, and ivory. Furthermore, dust is always present. Regular cleaning is, of course, undertaken at the Museum, but the largest and heaviest works are less frequently moved. A short time ago the Museo del Prado removed The Transfiguration by Giovanni Francesco Penni from the wall, allowing Miguel Ángel Blanco to collect some of the dust accumulated on its reverse, which he has used to make three box-books for his Library of the Forest.

Miguel Ángel Blanco, ed., Reversos (Madrid: Museo del Prado, 2023), 336 pages, ISBN: 978-8484806042, €38. With additional contributions by Ramón Andrés, Ana González Mozo, Antonio Muñoz Molina, and Victor I. Stoichita.