Enfilade

From the Musée Cognacq-Jay:

La Patine du Temps: Conservation et restauration des oeuvres d’art
Musée Cognacq-Jay, Paris, 11 September — 30 December 2012

Le musée Cognacq-Jay conserve essentiellement des œuvres du XVIIIe siècle et certaines sont plus anciennes encore : elles ont donc plusieurs siècles d’âge et toutes n’ont pas traversé le temps sans dommage. Sous le titre La Patine du temps, un parcours est proposé au visiteur, dans les salles-mêmes du musée, pour lui permettre de comprendre la fragilité des œuvres d’art, la manière dont elles vieillissent, ce que l’on peut faire pour freiner ce vieillissement ou ce que l’on doit attendre d’une restauration. Quatorze panneaux pédagogiques scandent la visite : À quoi ressemble un tableau en bon état ? Que faire d’une sculpture cassée ? figurent ainsi parmi les questions qui sont abordées.

Des restaurations récemment effectuées sur L’Ânesse de Balaam de Rembrandt et Le Retour de chasse de Diane de François Boucher, deux peintures majeures du musée Cognacq-Jay, font l’objet d’une étude plus minutieuse. Mais la conservation et la restauration des pastels, des sculptures ou du mobilier sont aussi évoquées en prenant des exemples éclairants parmi les œuvres du musée. De fait, ce sont aussi aux techniques de fabrication des
œuvres que le visiteur est initié.

Ce parcours fait suite à l’ouvrage publié sous le même titre en 2011, La Patine du temps, rédigé par Georges Brunel, directeur honoraire, et José de Los Llanos, actuel directeur du musée Cognacq-Jay.

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Catalogue: Georges Brunel and José de Los Llanos, La Patine du Temps (Paris: Paris-Musées, 2011), 71 pages, ISBN: 978-2759601547, 12€.

Techniques « Tous les êtres ont leur histoire : toi et moi en avons une, les oeuvres d’art aussi. L’histoire, c’est toute l’épaisseur du temps écoulé depuis que l’on est venu au monde. Il s’est pour ainsi dire condensé dans des craquelures, des accidents de surface, un changement des teintes… » Avec ce douzième titre de la collection « Petites Capitales », le lecteur est confronté aux questions délicates soulevées par la restauration des oeuvres d’art. Le temps ne se remonte pas… Comment présenter son passage sous le jour le plus favorable ? Beau sujet de débat entre Fiordiligi et Dorabella, deux jeunes Italiennes en visite au musée Cognacq-Jay. La vivacité de leur dialogue nous entraîne dans une méditation sur l’oeuvre et le temps, sur l’évolution du goût, à partir des restaurations exemplaires du Retour de chasse de Diane de Boucher et de L’Ânesse du prophète Balaam de Rembrandt, deux chefs d’oeuvre du musée Cognacq Jay. Rendre compte de la richesse du patrimoine parisien, de ses deux mille ans d’histoire et de la diversité des collections de la Ville de Paris, voilà l’ambition de la collection « Petites Capitales ». Le principe de chaque ouvrage est de rassembler une trentaine d’oeuvres emblématiques – peintures, dessins, sculptures, photographies, archives – autour d’un thème, en privilégiant le détail révélateur ; en regard de chaque illustration, des textes et de brefs commentaires créent un jeu de correspondances toujours éclairantes, sur le mode d’une érudition sensible et accessible à tous.

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Bénédicte Bonnet Saint-Georges reviewed the exhibition for The Art Tribune (available in English and French) . . .

The Musée Cognac-Jay is inviting visitors to rediscover their collections by taking a close look at the patina of time. Painting on canvas or wood, marquetry or upholstered furniture, terracotta sculpture…each object presents specific conservation, renovation and restoration problems. Though restorations must be reversible, legible and not alter the nature of the work since the signing of the Venice Charter in 1964, this has not always been the case.

Fourteen explanatory panels dealing with these various problems are scattered throughout the museum using examples of objects on view in the respective rooms. The didactic theme addresses the general public as does the publication behind this hang : written by Georges Brunel and José de Los Llanos, it is in the form of a dialogue between two women visiting the Musée Cognac-Jay. . . .

The full review is available here»

I’ve long admired Lucy Vivante’s blog Vivante Drawings. I rarely reference the site here simply because entries tend to address the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. But Enfilade readers may be interested in Vivante’s coverage of the Canova exhibition now on display in Rome (another description in English is available here). I include the exhibition press release (4 December 2012) below.

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Canova, Il Segno della Gloria: Disegni, Dipinti e Sculture
Museo di Roma Palazzo Braschi, 5 December 2012  — 7 April 2013

Curated by Giuliana Ericani

Sarà il Museo di Roma Palazzo Braschi ad ospitare dal 5 dicembre 2012 al 7 aprile 2013 la mostra Canova. Il segno della gloria. Disegni, dipinti e sculture. I 79 disegni sono stati selezionati dai 1800 circa che costituiscono la più grande raccolta al mondo di disegni di un artista, donata a metà Ottocento all’appena inaugurato Museo Civico di Bassano da Giambattista Sartori Canova, fratellastro dell’artista ed erede universale. I disegni sono accompagnati da 15 acqueforti delle opere realizzate, 6 modelli originali in gesso, da 4 tempere, un dipinto ad olio, due terrecotte e due marmi che consentono di visualizzare il passaggio dalla fase ideativa alla realizzazione dell’opera. Una scelta che offre un quadro storico ineguagliabile dell’Europa tra Settecento ed Ottocento, chiarendo il ruolo di Canova come primo artista della modernità.

Una mostra – promossa da Roma Capitale, Assessorato alle Politiche Culturali e Centro Storico – Sovraintendenza ai Beni Culturali e dal Comune di Bassano del Grappa con la cura di Giuliana Ericani, Direttrice del Museo Biblioteca Archivio di Bassano del Grappa e organizzata da Metamorfosi e Zètema Progetto Cultura – che affronta per la prima volta lo studio del disegno di Canova da due punti di vista: quello stilistico, affrontando le sue caratteristiche e il rapporto con gli artisti contemporanei e quello di prima idea per l’opera realizzata. Metamorfosi, nel suo lavoro di qualità di affiancamento di prestigiose istituzioni culturali, con questa mostra inizia una collaborazione con Museo Civico di Bassano del Grappa, volto a valorizzare lo straordinario patrimonio culturale lì conservato.

Una prima sezione della mostra seleziona dall’intera produzione grafica di Antonio Canova fogli che raccontano perfettamente la varietà del suo segno e dei metodi di progettazione. Partendo poi dal disegno, l’esposizione individua due principali percorsi di lettura dell’opera canoviana: il rapporto con la scultura antica delle collezioni romane e con i personaggi storici e della cultura del suo tempo. Qui sarà possibile ammirare i disegni per i monumenti e le sculture di Clemente XIV, Napoleone Bonaparte, Maria Luisa d’Asburgo, Maria Cristina d’Austria, Carlo III e Ferdinando I di Borbone, George Washington, Vittorio Alfieri, Orazio Nelson, e Paolina Borghese Bonaparte e opere commissionate da Giorgio IV re d’Inghilterra e Joséphine de Beauharnais Bonaparte. In questa sezione sono accostate le incisioni fatte eseguire da Canova per offrire l’immagine dell’opera realizzata ed alcune opere, cinque bozzetti in gesso e in terracotta e due dipinti, parte integrante dell’iter della realizzazione. Completano e arricchiscono la mostra i disegni per tre importanti opere realizzate, la Venere Italica, il Creugante e Damosseno per Pio VII e l’Ercole e Lica per il banchiere Torlonia.

Canova “solea gittare in carta il suo pensiero con pochi e semplicissimi tratti, che più volte ritoccava e modificava”: nelle parole dello storico dell’arte Leopoldo Cicognara si misura l’urgenza della trasposizione del pensiero e dell’immagine sulla carta e la funzione personale e segreta di questi segni, indice di una modernità esistenziale e di prassi esecutiva che crea continuamente sorpresa e meraviglia in chi vi si accosta. Nel 1858 il bassanese Gian Jacopo Ferrazzi, nel commemorare il donatore sottolineava la grande eredità canoviana del Museo di Bassano e il ruolo che il disegno aveva avuto nell’iter realizzativo delle sue sculture: “Noi siamo gli avventurati possessori della storia del suo pensiero.” Ed è proprio l’identificazione del disegno con il pensiero che viene ripetutamente riproposta dalle fonti contemporanee. “Pensieri delineati a lapis,” la sintetica ma efficace descrizione dei disegni dell’illustre fratello da parte di Giambattista Sartori, interpreta i tratti canoviani come la prima fase dell’ ”invenzione” e consente di seguire attraverso la loro lettura tutte le fasi della nascita delle opere. Il ruolo del disegno nella sua opera è segnalato dal suo biografo, Melchior Missirini (1824) come pari allo scalpello, quali “istrumenti che guidano all’immortalità.”

Un fondo, quello bassanese, costituito da 10 grandi album e 8 taccuini non omogenei nella struttura, comprendenti fogli di differenti dimensioni, da più di 500 ad una decina di millimetri, disegni finiti di accademia e schizzi di getto, progetti interi e parziali per bassorilievi in gesso e grandi sculture a tutto tondo.

Il disegno come “pensiero” dell’opera realizzata ma anche come “ricordo” di esperienze di vita, di studio e di lavoro, si trasforma nella mostra in strumento percomprendere la complessità della personalità e dell’opera di questo grande scultore veneto, che si formò nelle terre della sua nascita per affermarsi poi nella culla della scultura classica e barocca, a Roma, in un periodo storico di grandi cambiamenti che introduce all’Età moderna.

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From Palombi Editori:

Catalogue: Giuliana Ericani and Francesco Leone, Canova, Il Segno della Gloria: Disegni, Dipinti e Sculture (Rome: Palombi Editori, 2012), 288 pages, ISBN: 978-8860604897, €29.

Dall’ispirazione all’opera. é un percorso sulle tracce dell’idea quello della mostra dedicata ad Antonio Canova. Viaggio nell’intuizione estetica del genio e nella sua realizzazione, ma anche nella percezione che di quelle stesse concretizzazioni ha poi il genio stesso, a lavoro finito. Questione di studio prima, di documentazione poi. Nel mezzo, l’emozione dell’opera. L’esposizione capitolina dunque punta l’attenzione sulla “costruzione” delle opere da parte di Canova, attraverso disegni, modelletti in terracotta, calchi e modelli originali in gesso, dipinti, marmi e acqueforti, selezione d’eccellenza nella ricchissima raccolta di disegni – circa 1800 – che tra il 1849 e il 1857 fu oggetto di una donazione da parte del fratellastro dell’artista, Giovan Battista Sartori Canova.

Exhibition press release from the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dole:

Laurent Pécheux: A French Painter in the Italian Enlightenment
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dole, 27 June — 30 September 2012
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Chambéry, 24 October 2012 — 20 January 2013

Curated by Sylvain Laveissière with Sylvie de Vesvrotte and Anne Dary

Rome au XVIIIe siècle : foyer artistique fécond où l’Europe entière vient s’instruire, admirer, mais aussi créer. L’Antique, exhumé, restauré, collectionné, est l’objet d’approches nouvelles avec Piranèse, défenseur de la création étrusque et romaine, et Winckelmann, théoricien du « beau idéal » dans l’art grec. Les deux peintres les plus en vue sont l’allemand Anton Raphaël Mengs (1728-1779), et Pompeo Batoni (1708-1787), le portraitiste obligé des jeunes lords accomplissant leur « Grand Tour » d’Europe. Arrivé de Lyon à Rome en 1753, Laurent Pécheux est d’emblée en contact étroit avec ces deux maîtres éminents : Mengs qui le conseille, et Batoni avec lequel il sera associé pour certaines commandes. Il s’affirme comme l’un des représentants les plus accomplis de la peinture d’histoire romaine, au moment
où s’élabore ce qu’on devait plus tard nommer le Néoclassicisme.

Carrière exceptionnellement riche que la sienne. Après avoir travaillé vers 1757 pour un lord écossais, puis pour des couvents et des particuliers de Lyon, sa ville natale, il est reçu à la prestigieuse Académie romaine de Saint-Luc en 1762. Il est bientôt appelé à Parme en 1765 pour y portraiturer avec succès la future reine d’Espagne, et les plus grandes familles romaines lui confient les plafonds de leurs palais urbains (Borghèse, Barberini). Il travaille pour des amateurs français, pour le grand-maître de l’ordre de Malte, le pape Pie VI, ainsi que la Grande Catherine. En 1777, il quitte Rome pour Turin, où le roi de Piémont-Sardaigne, Victor Amédée III, l’a choisi comme premier peintre et directeur d’une Académie tombée en léthargie. Son activité de peintre de cour, qui lui vaut de décorer le palais royal de Turin, ne l’empêche pas d’assurer de prestigieuses commandes privées, tel le plafond de la salle du Gladiateur à la Villa Borghèse à Rome, dont la décoration est la plus fameuse entreprise picturale de l’époque.

Il n’a suscité jusqu’à présent aucune exposition monographique. Les villes de Dole et Chambéry possèdent un ensemble remarquable de ses oeuvres. A Dole se trouve un cycle de douze tableaux sur la vie du Christ commandé pour la collégiale et récemment restauré, dont huit esquisses sont conservées au musée des Beaux-Arts. L’exposition présente 115 oeuvres, prêtées par des collections publiques et privées françaises ainsi qu’italiennes, et sera accompagnée d’une importante monographie. Celle-ci étudie, au-delà des oeuvres exposées, l’ensemble de la production de cet artiste aux dons multiples, l’un des derniers de sa stature qui restaient à découvrir.

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From Dessin Original books:

Catalogue: Sylvain Laveissière, Sylvie de Vesvrotte, Vittorio Natale, Bénédicte Gaulard, Laurent Pécheux (1729-1821): Un peintre français dans l’Italie des Lumières (Silvana, 2012), 192 pages, ISBN: 978-8836623174, 28€.

Publié à l’occasion de l’exposition des musées des Beaux-Arts de Dole et de Chambéry, cet ouvrage est le premier, depuis l’étude de Luigi Bollea parue en 1942, à être consacré à ce peintre, dont l’importance commence seulement à être reconnue.

D’origine Lyonnaise, Laurent Pécheux effectue l’ensemble de sa carrière en Italie, à Rome, puis à Turin, où il devient peintre officiel du roi de Piémont-Sardaigne. Sa carrière fut exceptionnellement riche : après avoir travaillé vers 1755 pour des clients lyonnais ou écossais, il est reçu à l’Académie romaine de Saint-Luc en 1762. Il est bientôt appelé à Parme en 1765 pour y portraiturer avec succès la future reine d’Espagne et les plus grandes familles romaines lui confient les plafonds de leurs palais. Il travaille également pour des amateurs français. En 1777, il quitte Rome pour Turin, où le roi de Piémont-Sardaigne l’a choisi comme premier peintre. Son activité de peintre de cour, qui lui vaut de décorer le palais royal de Turin, ne l’empêche pas d’assurer de prestigieuses commandes privées (par exemple : plafond de la salle du Gladiateur à la villa Borghèse, le plus fameux ensemble décoratif de Rome à l’époque ; suite de douze grands tableaux de la Vie du Christ pour la collégiale de Dole, auxquels une restauration exemplaire vient de rendre leur éclat et plusieurs chefsd’oeuvre conservés à Chambéry : Mort d’Epaminondas, Vénus, Narcisse, etc.). Cet ouvrage étudie, au-delà des oeuvres exposées, l’ensemble de la production de cet artiste aux dons multiples, l’un des derniers de sa stature qui restaient à découvrir.

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Didier Rykner reviewed the exhibition for The Art Tribune (21 August 2012) . . .

An artist from Lyon who spent most of his career in Italy, first Rome then Turin where he became official painter to the King of Piemonte-Sardegna, Laurent Pécheux is however not very well known outside of the restricted circle of art historians. The first retrospective highlighting his oeuvre, organized by the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Dole, which will then travel to Chambéry, now reveals a first rate artist, a pioneer of European Neo-Classicism though he maintained, in certain works, a Baroque spirit or even, if we adopt the term now used for some paintings corresponding to the second half of the 19th century, “Neo-Baroque” . . .

The full review (in English or French) is available here»

From the exhibition website:

Roulez Carrosses! Le Château de Versailles à Arras
Musée des Beaux-Arts, Arras, 17 March 2012 — 10 November 2013

Curated by Béatrix Saule, Jean-Louis Libourel, and Hélène Delalex

Roulez Carrosses!, the inaugural exhibition of the partnership signed in 2011 between the Château de Versailles, the City of Arras and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Region, is a landmark event. It is the first French exhibition to be devoted to horse-drawn vehicles. Berlin coaches, royal and imperial carriages from the Versailles collection have all taken the road for Arras, to be admired here until November 2013. The Musée des Beaux-Arts is thus hosting paintings, sculptures, sledges, sedan chairs, horse harnesses and several outstanding carriages such as the coaches of Napoleon I’s marriage procession, Charles X’s coronation coach or the impressive funeral hearse of Louis XVIII. From Louis XIV to the Third Republic, these little-known vehicles will offer a journey through the History of France. Chronologically displayed over 1,000 m², these works are set against a backdrop of innovative scenography combining reconstructions, activities, immersion and multimedia. The exhibition provides an opportunity to discover Versailles and its collections whilst at the same time highlighting the historical links between Arras and the former residence of kings. It will also provide an insight into the operation
and evolution of horse-drawn vehicles.

Curatorship

Béatrix Saule, Director of the Musée National des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon
Jean-Louis Libourel, Honorary Chief Curator of Heritage
Hélène Delalex, Heritage Conservation Manager at the Château de Versailles

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As Didier Rykner judges in his review for The Art Tribune (24 September 2012) . . .

Sedan Chair for the King’s House Versailles, Musée national des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon Photo : RMNGP/G. Blot

Even if it is much longer than the usual three-month period, this is a true exhibition, not a lineup of works; it is accompanied by a beautiful scholarly catalogue on a subject which is not often studied; it does not replace the display of the permanent collections as the exhibition rooms occupy the space acquired at the Saint-Vast Abbey; it does not deprive visitors going to the lending museum from seeing major works there since the Musée des carrosses (a rather exaggerated term given the usual presentation conditions) is rarely open to the public; and, above all, it will result in enduring benefits for the coach collection as well as for the Musée des Beaux-Arts itself. . . .

The museum staging by Frédéric Beauclair is very well done. Paintings, sculptures and drawings round out the presentation of the carriages illustrating their use, the way they functioned and the context in which they were produced. Visitors will also discover some little-known works. . . .

The full review is available here»

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Eight short videos accompany the exhibition:

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From the Château de Versailles bookshop:

With the advertising for this exhibition having been covered sensationally by the international press, the focus on contemporary work has obscured the late eighteenth-century offerings. Press release from the Leopold Museum:

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Nude Men from 1800 to the Present / Nackte Männer
Leopold Museum, Vienna, 19 October 2012 — 28 January 2013

Curated by Elisabeth Leopold and Tobias Natter

Ilse Haider, Mr. Big, installed at the Leopold Museum

The endless flood of images intrinsic to today’s lifestyle has given unprecedented public prominence to the depiction of male nudes. At the same time seemingly firmly established categories such as masculinity, body, and nakedness are apparently being redefined on a broad social basis, resulting in a new interpretation of male gender roles. These developments have prompted the Leopold Museum to embark on a topical as well as historical journey through the visual arts in search of the male nude, a quest leading predominantly from the longing for antiquity prevalent in art around 1800 to contemporary art. The exhibition Naked Men: Power & Powerlessness through the Ages also represents the fulfillment of the museum’s long-cherished ambition to present a counterpart to the highly successful 2006 exhibition Body – Face – Soul curated by Elisabeth Leopold, which explored the female image in art from the 16th century to the present. Thus, the current presentation constitutes a continuation of this theme, except that its focus is now on the opposite sex.

The exhibition Naked Men: Power & Powerlessness through the Ages is based on works by Egon Schiele, Richard Gerstl and Anton Kolig – three artists who are more comprehensively represented in the Leopold Museum than in any other institution and in whose oeuvre the depiction of the male nude features prominently. Schiele’s male nudes can be seen as unconditional explorations of the self, as expressions of inner emotions and as body images situated between vulnerability and provocation. Gerstl followed the tradition of Christian iconography with the first of his two life-sized self-portraits, while he elevated the fragmentation of form to a principal in the second with his wild brushstrokes. Kolig was captivated by the depiction of naked young men all his life and dedicated his drawings almost exclusively to this motif.

Based on eminent examples from its own collection and complemented by loaned works from all over Europe, the Leopold Museum’s exhibition will set out in two main directions, examining the depiction of the male nude in contemporary art, while also exploring the Old Masters’ approach to the subject from the Renaissance all the way back to antiquity. The exhibition unites examples of many different genres, including painting, sculpture, graphic arts, photography and new media, with special emphases on the following themes:

The Measure of All Things: The Male Body and Art Academies

Ever since the Renaissance, the naked male body was considered to be an important object of study and an indispensable part of the academies’ curriculum, which was one of the reasons that women were denied access to art academies for so long. The presentation affords insights into the life drawing rooms of European art academies from the Baroque period onwards and illustrates to what an extent all eyes were focused on the naked man, though he himself was the only one to remain naked.

Longing for Antiquity and the Male Ideal

For centuries, the depiction of the male nude was only legitimized by ancient art. These restrictions prompted the emergence of various artistic strategies that reinterpreted ancient ideals under the guise of antiquity. This is illustrated in the exhibition with examples from the period around 1800 up until the present.

The Naked Self

While Klimt still believed that nakedness and truth coincided in the Nuda Veritas, Schiele began to make his own body the object of his paintings. Expressionism brought with it a radical examination of the self, which saw the artists exposing themselves both physically and existentially and exploring the use of their own nudity as a sphere of political influence.

In the Sights of Women

The battle of female desire and male denial is not often addressed in the visual arts, but it has its historical sources both in the biblical story of Joseph and the Wife of Potiphar and in the ancient mythological traditions of Narcissus and Adonis. The emancipation of women as artists has brought with it a new basis for the depiction of such conflicts. Nowadays, female artists also have access to male nude models and are free to interpret and depict this motif at their will, currently often with a view to deconstructing gender and gender asymmetries.

Bathers — On the Beach

In the second half of the 19th century depictions of naked people in nature abounded. These renderings had their origin in a reassessment of man’s position in nature. Based on early depictions such as Dürer’s The Men’s Bath, the exhibition features many eminent examples of such encounters and get-togethers of naked men, from Cézanne to Mapplethorpe.

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In the United States, the English edition of the catalogue will be distributed by The University of Chicago Press:

Catalogue: Elisabeth Leopold and Tobias Natter, eds., Nude Men from 1800 to the Present (Vienna: Hirmer, 2013) ISBN: 9783777458519, $50.

Rodin’s Thinker. Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man. Pigalle’s controversial portrayal of the philosopher Voltaire. From its earliest days, art history is rife with representations of nude men. But while there is no shortage of studies of art celebrating the female form, the male nude has suffered from relative neglect. This book seeks to correct this imbalance with a collection of paintings, sculptures, and photographs that challenge conceptions of the body and masculinity, many of which continue to have considerable cultural resonance today.

Beginning with a look at art completed in life-drawing classes popular across European academies, the book moves on to representations of masculinity throughout the French Revolution, including works by Johann Heinrich Füssli and Antonio Canova; provocative Sturm und Drang paintings by Edvard Munch and contemporaries; and late impressionist works. The unsettling self-portraits of Austrian artists Egon Schiele and Richard Gerstl exemplify an extreme candor that characterized the early twentieth century. Other twentieth-century artists whose work is included in this book are Jean Cocteau, David Hockney, Andy Warhol, Nan Goldin, and Louise Bourgeois.

With nearly four hundred full-color illustrations, the book also includes insightful essays examining topics like male identity, depictions of desire in modern art, and the use of nude men in advertising.

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Note (added 2 February 2013) — The sensational coverage is likely to continue. As reported by the AFP, viewers are invited to step out of their own clothes for a special viewing on February 18, “Our museum will be a clothes-free zone for one evening. . . Nudists, naturists are welcome!”

Press release from the Städel Museum:

Schwarze Romantik: Von Goya bis Max Ernst
The Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main, 26 September 2012 — 20 January 2013
Musée d’Orsay, Paris, 4 March — 9 June 2013

Curated by Felix Krämer

The Städel Museum’s major special exhibition Dark Romanticism: From Goya to Max Ernst is the first German exhibition to focus on the dark aspect of Romanticism and its legacy, mainly evident in Symbolism and Surrealism. Comprising over 200 paintings, sculptures, graphic works, photographs and films, it presents the fascination that many artists felt for the gloomy, the secretive and the evil. Using outstanding works in the museum’s collection on the subject by Francisco de Goya, Eugène Delacroix, Franz von Stuck or Max Ernst as a starting point, the exhibition is also presenting important loans from internationally renowned collections, such as the Musée d’Orsay, the Musée du Louvre, both in Paris, the Museo del Prado in Madrid and the Art Institute of Chicago. The works on display by Goya, Johann Heinrich Fuseli and William Blake, Théodore Géricault and Delacroix, as well as Caspar David Friedrich, convey a Romantic spirit which by the end of the 18th century had taken hold all over Europe. In the 20th century artists such as Salvador Dalí, René Magritte or Paul Klee and Max Ernst continued to think in this vein. The art works speak of loneliness and melancholy, passion and death, of the fascination with horror and the irrationality of dreams. After Frankfurt the exhibition, conceived by the Städel Museum, will travel to the Musée d’Orsay in Paris.

The exhibition’s take on the subject is geographically and chronologically comprehensive, thereby shedding light on the links between different centres of Romanticism, and thus retracing complex iconographic developments of the time. It is conceived to stimulate interest in the sombre aspects of Romanticism and to expand understanding of this movement. Many of the artistic developments and positions presented here emerge from a shattered trust in enlightened and progressive thought, which took hold soon after the French Revolution – initially celebrated as the dawn of a new age – at the end of the 18th century. Bloodstained terror and war brought suffering and eventually caused the social order in large parts of Europe to break down. The disillusionment was as great as the original enthusiasm when the dark aspects of the Enlightenment were revealed in all their harshness. Young literary figures and artists turned to the reverse side of Reason. The horrific, the miraculous and the grotesque challenged the supremacy of the beautiful and the immaculate. The appeal of legends and fairy tales and the fascination with the Middle Ages competed with the ideal of Antiquity. The local countryside became increasingly attractive and was a favoured subject for artists. The bright light of day encountered the fog and mysterious darkness of the night.

The exhibition is divided into seven chapters. It begins with a group of outstanding works by Johann Heinrich Fuseli. The artist had initially studied to be an evangelical preacher in Switzerland. With his painting The Nightmare (Frankfurt Goethe-Museum) he created an icon of dark Romanticism. This work opens the presentation, which extends over two levels of the temporary exhibition space. Fuseli’s contemporaries were deeply disturbed by the presence of the incubus (daemon) and the lecherous horse – elements of popular superstition – enriching a scene set in the present. In addition, the erotic-compulsive and daemonic content, as well as the depressed atmosphere, catered to the needs of the voyeur. The other six works by Fuseli – loans from the Kunsthaus Zürich, the Royal Academy London and the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart – represent the characteristics of his art: the competition between good and evil, suffering and lust, light and darkness. Fuseli’s innovative pictorial language influenced a number of artists – among them William Blake, whose famous watercolour The Great Red Dragon from the Brooklyn Museum will be on view in Europe for the first time in ten years.

The second room of the exhibition is dedicated to the Spanish artist Francisco de Goya. The Städel will display six of his works – including masterpieces such as The Witches’ Flight from the Prado in Madrid and the representations of cannibals from Besançon. A large group of works on paper from the Städel’s own collection will be shown, too. The Spaniard blurs the distinction between the real and the imaginary. Perpetrator and victim repeatedly exchange roles. Good and evil, sense and nonsense – much remains enigmatic. Goya’s cryptic pictorial worlds influenced numerous artists in France and Belgium, including Delacroix, Géricault, Victor Hugo and Antoine Wiertz, whose works will be presented in the following room. Atmosphere and passion were more important to these artists than anatomical accuracy. . .

The full press release is available here»

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Available from the publisher:

Catalogue: Felix Krämer, ed., Dark Romanticism: From Goya to Max Ernst (Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz-Verlag, 2012), 305 pages, ISBN 9783775733731 (German edition ISBN: 9783775733724), $70 / 35€.

The exhibition, which presents the Romantic as a mindset that prevailed throughout Europe and remained influential beyond the 19th century, is accompanied by a substantial catalogue with contributions by Roland Borgards, Ingo Borges, Claudia Dillmann, Dorothee Gerkens, Johannes Grave, Mareike Hennig, Hubertus Kohle, Felix Krämer, Franziska Lentzsch, Manuela B. Mena Marqués and Nerina Santorius. As is true for any designation of an epoch, Romanticism too is nothing more than an auxiliary construction, defined less by the exterior characteristics of an artwork than by the inner sentiment of the artist. The term ‘dark Romanticism’ cannot be traced to its origins, but – as is also valid for Romanticism per se – comes from literary studies. The German term is closely linked to the professor of English Studies Mario Praz and his publication La carne, la morte e il diavolo nella letteratura romantica of 1930, which was published in German in 1963 as Liebe, Tod und Teufel:
Die schwarze Romantik (literally: Love, Death and Devil: Dark
Romanticism).

Press release from Sweden’s Nationalmuseum in Stockholm:

Pride and Prejudice: Female Artists in France and Sweden 1750–1860
Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, 27 September 2012 — 20 January 2013

Constance Marie Charpentier, Melancholy, 1810
(Amiens: Musée de Picardie)

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Pride and Prejudice – Female Artists in France and Sweden 1750–1860 explores conditions for female artists in France and Sweden during a period of revolutionary social change. The exhibition presents works by some of the French and Swedish women who managed to establish themselves as artists and create a name for themselves at this time. Works by amateurs are also on display, since women of higher standing were expected to master skills such as drawing and embroidery.

The exhibition includes six works by Marie Suzanne Giroust. She was married to artist Alexander Roslin and is The Lady with the Veil in his well-known painting of that name. During her lifetime, she was also a recognised figure, but she later came to be omitted from art history, a fate that she shares with many other female artists. Today only 19 of her works can be identified with any certainty. Giroust was one of the few women to be inducted into France’s Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in the late 18th century. Its members had the exclusive opportunity to showcase works at the Salon in Paris, the most important exhibition in France at the time. Within the Royal Academy, there was staunch opposition to female artists. In the mid-18th century, a ceiling was introduced that permitted no more than four members of this gender at any one time.

Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, Portrait of a Woman, 1787 (Musée des beaux-arts de Quimper)

During this period, family ties or social relations to male artists were crucial in determining women’s opportunities for training and inclusion in the art establishment. Giroust was accepted into the Royal Academy for her high artistic quality, but her husband’s prominence was no doubt also a significant factor. The same was true for other female members: Anne Vallayer-Coster, Elisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun and Adélaïde Labille-Guiard were all under Royal patronage and Marie Thérèse Reboul was married to the director of the French Academy in Rome. In Sweden too, female artists were unable to access the training offered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts. Ulrica Fredrica Pasch became the first female member of the Royal Academy in 1773. She was apprenticed to her father, portraitist Lorens Pasch the Elder, and her brother Lorens Pasch the Younger was a professor and director of the Royal Academy. Once again, family ties and relations to established artists were a precondition for admission.

After the French Revolution, the Salon was opened up to all artists. Art was broadened out, enabling women to exhibit on the same terms as men. At the same time, the revolution caused the well-heeled customers to disappear, which affected incomes and the chances of finding good patrons. Women were also still excluded from all public art-related education. Their only chance was to enrol at private art schools such as the studios of Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Baptiste Regnauld. Some of the most eminent female artists had their own students, but these were all women. Soon these exclusively female studios in Paris also began to attract Swedish students.

During the first half of the 19th century, more and more women were able to step out of the shadows and see their career follow an increasingly professional course. In certain areas, such as French miniature painting, women led the field. Portraits were a path to both fame and fortune and, coupled with genre painting, came to form an important area for women artists. Leading figures during the first half of the 17th century include Cécile Hortense Haudebourt-Lescot and Marguerite Gérard in France, and Maria Röhl, Sophie Adlersparre and Amalia Lindegren in Sweden. Women gained the formal right to become fully-fledged students at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in 1864, which is why the exhibition has taken this particular decade as its cut-off point.

Pride and Prejudice is a joint venture with Washington’s National Museum of Women in the Arts, where several of the French works have featured in the exhibition Royalists to Romantics. In Stockholm, they will be complemented with key loans from France plus works from Nationalmuseum and other collections. For many of the works, this will be their first appearance before a Swedish audience. The exhibition comprises around 250 objects, from works in oils and pastels to drawings, miniatures and embroidered artworks. The artists on show include Marie Suzanne Giroust, Anne Vallayer-Coster, Elisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun, Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, Marie Thérèse Reboul, Cécile Hortense Haudebourt-Lescot, Marguerite Gérard, Ulrica Fredrica Pasch, Maria Röhl, Sophie Adlersparre and Amalia Lindegren.

The exhibition is accompanied by a fully illustrated catalogue containing articles written by various Swedish and international specialists. Magnus Olausson, Eva-Lena Bengtsson, Barbro Werkmäster, Eva-Lena Bergström, Eva-Lena Karlsson and Solfrid Söderlind are among the Swedish authors.

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Theme Day

Sunday, 14 October, 1–3 pm
(Program will be announced later in September)

Lecture

Thursday, 17 January, 6 pm
Royalists and Revolutionaries: Women Artists and the French Revolution, lecture by Laura Auricchio, Associate Professor of Art History, Parsons The New School for Design. In English.

While the exhibition showcases the nineteenth-century response to the eruption, there are still plenty of eighteenth-century offerings. The exhibition checklist is available here (as a PDF file). The following comes from the description of the accompanying publication.

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The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection
Getty Villa, Los Angeles, 12 September 2012 — 7 January 2013
Cleveland Museum of Art, 24 February — 19 May 2013
Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, 13 June — 8 November 2013

Destroyed yet paradoxically preserved by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79, Pompeii and other nearby sites are usually considered places where we can most directly experience the daily lives of ancient Romans. Rather than present these sites as windows to the past, however, the authors of The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection explore Pompeii as a modern obsession, in which the Vesuvian sites function as mirrors of the present. Through cultural appropriation and projection, outstanding visual and literary artists of the last three centuries have made the ancient catastrophe their own, expressing contemporary concerns in diverse media—from paintings, prints, and sculpture, to theatrical performances, photography, and film. This lavishly illustrated volume—featuring the works of artists such as Piranesi, Fragonard, Kaufmann, Ingres, Chassériau, and Alma-Tadema, as well as Duchamp, Dalí, Rothko, Rauschenberg, and Warhol—surveys the legacy of Pompeii in the modern imagination under the three overarching rubrics of decadence, apocalypse, and resurrection.

Decadence investigates the perception of Pompeii as a site of impending and well-deserved doom due to the excesses of the ancient Romans, such as paganism, licentiousness, greed, gluttony, and violence. The catastrophic demise of the Vesuvian sites has become inexorably linked with the understanding of antiquity, turning Pompeii into a fundamental allegory for Apocalypse, to which all subsequent disasters (natural or man-made) are related, from the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 to Hiroshima, Nagasaki, 9/11, and Hurricane Katrina. Resurrection examines how Pompeii and the Vesuvian cities have been reincarnated in modern guise through both scientific archaeology and fantasy, as each successive cultural reality superimposed its values and ideas on the distant past.

Victoria C. Gardner Coates, Kenneth Lapatin, and Jon L. Seydl, The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2012), 256 pages, ISBN: 9781606061152, $40.