New Book | Enriching Architecture
From UCL Press: (also see the CraftValue project website). . .
Christine Casey and Melanie Hayes, eds., Enriching Architecture: Craft and Its Conservation in Anglo-Irish Building Production, 1660–1760 (London: UCL Press, 2023), 396 pages, ISBN: 978-1800083561 (hardback), £55 / ISBN: 978-1800083554 (paperback), £35. Available as a free PDF file here»
Refinement and enrichment of surfaces in stone, wood, and plaster is a fundamental aspect of early modern architecture which has been marginalised by architectural history. Enriching Architecture aims to retrieve and rehabilitate surface achievement as a vital element of early modern buildings in Britain and Ireland. Rejected by modernism, demeaned by the conceptual ‘turn’, and too often reduced to its representative or social functions, craft skill here is presented as a primary agent in architectural production. In contrast to the connoisseurial and developmental perspectives of the past, this book is concerned with how surfaces were designed, achieved, and experienced. Contributors draw upon the major rethinking of craft and materials within the wider cultural sphere in recent years to deconstruct traditional, oppositional ways of thinking about architectural production. This is not a craft for craft’s sake argument but an effort to embed the tangible findings of conservation and curatorial research within an evidence-led architectural history that illuminates the processes of early modern craftsmanship. The book explores broad themes of surface treatment such as wainscot, rustication, plasterwork, and staircase embellishment, together with chapters focused on virtuoso buildings and set pieces which illuminate these themes.
Christine Casey is Professor in Architectural History and a fellow of Trinity College Dublin.
Melanie Hayes is Post-Doctoral Research Fellow of the Irish Research Council CraftValue project at Trinity College Dublin.
C O N T E N T S
List of figures
List of contributors
List of abbreviations
Foreword by Glenn Adamson
Acknowledgements
Introduction, Enriching Architecture: Craft and Its Conservation in Anglo-Irish Architectural Production, 1660–1760 — Christine Casey and Melanie Hayes
Part 1 | Loss and Retrieval
1 ‘Onslow Palace’: New Evidence of Eighteenth-Century Craft Technique at Clandon Park — Sophie Chessum
2 Piercing the Surface: Virtuoso Wooden Staircases from Cassiobury Park and Eyrecourt Castle — Mechthild Baumeister and Andrew Tierney
3 Fragments of Eighteenth-Century Craftsmanship: The Pearson Collection — Peter Pearson
4 Experiments with Historic Light in Kensington Palace’s Early Eighteenth-Century Interiors — Lee Prosser
5 Retrieving Craft Practice on the Early Eighteenth-Century Building Site — Melanie Hayes
6 Conserving Craft in Eighteenth-Century Buildings: The Role of the Conservation Architect — Tony Barton
Part 2 | Design and Making
7 The Geometry of Rustication: An Eighteenth-Century Case Study — Edward McParland
8 The Rough and the Smooth: Stone Use in Dublin, 1720–60 — Patrick Wyse Jackson and Louise Caulfield
9 Drawing out a Surface in Lime and Hair — Jenny Saunt
10 ‘Agreeable to Live in’: The Wainscoted Interior in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland — Christine Casey
11 A Glorious Ascent: Staircase Design, Construction, and Craft in the Circle of Richard Castle — Andrew Tierney
Index
Symposium | The Power and Prestige of Collecting
From Haughton International, where one can find full speaker and lecture descriptions:
The Power and Prestige of Collecting: Private and Museum Collections and Their Survival
Haughton International Seminar
Society of Chemical Industry, 14–15 Belgrave Square, London, 28–29 June 2023

Jingdezhen (Jiangxi Province, China), The ‘Kylin’ Clock, 2nd half of the 18th century; mounts, ca.1700–1822; porcelain, gilt bronze, 112 × 81 × 37 cm (whole object) (Royal Colleciton Trust, 2867).
This year’s Haughton International Seminar will address the power and prestige of collecting. It will include a tour of the Royal Collection as well as private and museum collections, focusing on how such works of art might be presented to future generations and what lessons the past might contain to direct the future.
Cost of the two day seminar: £110. Cost of the two-day seminar with champagne reception and dinner at The Athenaeum (Wednesday, 28th June): £190. Student tickets for the two-day seminar (on production of ID): £60. Booking in advance through the website is essential due to limited numbers. Box office now open.
Copies of lectures from past seminars are available at the videos and articles section of the symposium website.
L E C T U R E S , 2 8 – 2 9 J U N E 2 0 2 3
• Private and Public Museums in China — Rose Kerr, Honorary Associate of the Needham Research Institute in Cambridge, previously Keeper of the Far Eastern Department at the Victoria and Albert Museum, 1978–2003
• One Family’s Legacy: The Treasures of Burghley House — Miranda Rock, Executive Chair of the Burghley House Preservation Trust
• The Royal Collection in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth II — Caroline de Guitaut, Deputy Surveyor of The King’s Works of Art
• Medici Porcelain — Timothy Wilson, Honorary Curator, Department of Western Art, Ashmolean Museum
• ‘… Let No Man Put Asunder’: How Much Do Collections Matter? — Timothy Schroder, FSA, Former Curator, Lecturer, and Author
• Has Collecting Really Died or Just Changed Direction? — Anna Somers Cocks OBE, Founder editor of The Art Newspaper
• The Corning Museum of Glass: Nearly 75 Years of Collecting, Research, and Inspiration — Karol Wight, President and Executive Director, The Corning Museum of Glass
• Heaven on Earth: The Phenomenon of Baroque Austrian Monasteries — Claudia Lehner-Jobst, Director, Augarten Porcelain Museum, Vienna
• ‘You, That Way; We, This Way’: Whither the Future of Public Collections in the United States? — Matthew Hargraves, Director, Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art
• Kings & Queens and Soup Tureens: The Evolution of the Campbell Collection — Patricia Halfpenny, Vice President Northern Ceramic Society, Curator Emerita Ceramics and Glass, Winterthur Museum
• A Prince’s Treasure: From Buckingham Palace to the Royal Pavilion, The Return of the Royal Collection to Brighton — David Beevers, FSA, Former Keeper Royal Pavilion, Brighton
• Hungry for the Past: Baroque Buffets, Ducal Desserts, and Rococo Suppers — Ivan Day, Food Historian, Museums and Country House Consultant
• The Soane Museum and What Is to Come of It? — Bruce Boucher, Director, Sir John Soane’s Museum
• A Manufactury‘s Past, Present, and Future: The Collection of Museum Schloss Fürstenberg — Christian Lechelt, Director, Museum Fürstenberg
New Book | Women Artists in the Reign of Catherine the Great
From Lund Humphries:
Rosalind P. Blakesley, Women Artists in the Reign of Catherine the Great (London: Lund Humphries Publishers, 2023), 152 pages, ISBN: 978-1848225459, £45.
Catherine the Great’s audacious power grab in 1762 marked a watershed in imperial Russian history. During a momentous 34-year reign, her rapacious vision and intellectual curiosity led to vast territorial expansion, cultural advancement, and civic, educational and social reform. In this pioneering book, Rosalind Blakesley reveals the remarkable role women artists played in her pursuit of these ambitions. With challenging commissions for an elite cast of Russian patrons, their work underscores the extent to which cultural enrichment co-existed with the empress’s imperial designs.
Catherine’s acquisitions propelled renowned artists to new heights. The history paintings that she purchased from Angelica Kauffman brought the Swiss artist to the attention of keen new patrons, while Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun found in Russia safe refuge from the horrors of revolutionary France. Just as important were Catherine’s relationships with lesser-known artists. The young sculptor Marie-Anne Collot made the arduous journey from Paris to St Petersburg to assist on the equestrian monument to Peter the Great and enthralled Russian society with her portrait busts, while Grand Duchess Maria Fedorovna, wife of Catherine’s troubled son Paul, sculpted cameos which the empress sent to distinguished correspondents abroad. With stories of extraordinary artistic endeavour intertwined with the intrigue of Catherine’s personal life, Women Artists in the Reign of Catherine the Great uncovers the impact of these and other artists at one of Europe’s most elaborate courts.
Rosalind Polly Blakesley, a prize-winning writer and academic, is Professor of Russian and European Art and a Fellow of Pembroke College at the University of Cambridge. A Trustee of the V&A and Syndic of the Fitzwilliam Museum, she has authored books including The Russian Canvas (Yale University Press, 2016) and The Arts and Crafts Movement (Phaidon Press, 2006), and curated exhibitions at the National Portrait Gallery, London, and the National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington DC.
C O N T E N T S
Conventions and Abbreviations
Introduction
1 Inscribing a Future Empress
2 Catherine Enthroned
3 The Academy and the Hermitage
4 A Parisian Find
5 The Chisel and the Mallet
6 Unexpected Treasures
7 The Doyenne of Rome
8 An Artist in the Family
9 The Triumphant Refugee
Epilogue
Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
Bibliography
Index
Study Day | Women Collectors at the Turn of the 20th Century
From the conference programme:
Her Discerning Eye: Women Collectors at the Turn of the 20th Century
The National Trust and Waddesdon Manor Annual Conference
Waddesdon Manor, 28 March 2023
We are delighted to announce the programme for Her Discerning Eye: Women Collectors at the Turn of the 20th Century. The conference will be held at Waddesdon Manor on Tuesday, 28th March. Our invited speakers will be talking on Joséphine Bowes, Yolande Lyne Stephens, Charlotte Schreiber, Hannah Gubbay, Queen Alexandra, and Queen Mary. The study day was inspired by our work on Margaret Greville and Alice de Rothschild. To book a place please email enquiries@waddesdon.org.uk. The conference is free; a charge for lunch will be payable on the day (please let us know of any dietary requirements). If you have any questions please do email us: Mia.Jackson@waddesdon.org.uk and Alice.Strickland@nationaltrust.org.uk.
–Mia Jackson and Alice Strickland
P R O G R A M M E
10.30 Registration and Coffee
11.00 Session One
• Tom Stammers (Associate Professor in Modern European Cultural History, University of Durham) — Recovering Female Collectors: Paradigms and Challenges
• Lindsay Macnaughton (Lecturer, University of Buckingham) — Some Fragments from the Boweses’ Collection and the Difficulties of Singling out Joséphine’s Taste
• Laure-Aline Griffith-Jones (Independent Art Historian) — Yolande Lyne Stephens: A French Collection in Victorian England
12.30 Lunch
13.30 Session Two
• Caroline McCaffrey-Howarth (Lecturer in French and British History of Art c.1650–1900, University of Edinburgh) — Charlotte Schreiber: Becoming a Ceramics Collector
• Mia Jackson (Curator of Decorative Arts, Waddesdon Manor) and Pippa Shirley (Director of Waddesdon Manor) — Alice de Rothschild’s Dishes and Daggers
• Patricia F. Ferguson (Independent Scholar) — Shaping Ceramic Connoisseurship: Mrs. David Gubbay, ‘Collector of Genius’
15.00 Session Three
Tour of the exhibition Alice’s Wonderlands: Alice as a Collector
16.00 Final Session
• Alice Strickland (Curator, National Trust) — ‘Full of Rare China and Expensive Treasures’: The Collection of Margaret Greville at Polesden Lacey, Surrey
• Caroline de Guitaut (Deputy Surveyor of The King’s Works of Art) — Embracing the Modern and Fashionable: Queen Alexandra as Collector
• Kathryn Jones (Senior Curator of Decorative Arts, Royal Collection Trust) — ‘Quite a Creditable Collection’: Queen Mary as Collector and Curator
17.30 Closing Comments — Mia Jackson and Alice Strickland
Exhibition | Muse or Maestra? Women in Italian Art, 1400–1800

Rosalba Carriera, Self-Portrait of the Artist, detail, 1707–08
(Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett / Jörg P. Anders)
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From the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin:
Muse or Maestra? Women in the Italian Art World, 1400–1800
Muse oder Macherin? Frauen in der italienischen Kunstwelt 1400 – 1800
Kupferstichkabinett, Berlin, 8 March — 4 June 2023
Curated by Dagmar Korbacher
Featuring some 90 works, this special exhibition organised by Berlin’s Kupferstichkabinett elucidates the lives and impact of women such as Rosalba Carriera, Artemisia Gentileschi, Elisabetta Sirani, Diana Scultori, Isabella d’Este, Christina, Queen of Sweden, and others. Their works, fates and enormous influence on the art world of their times have in part been forgotten today.
During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the art of these women outshone that of their fathers, brothers, and husbands. They created and collected oeuvres that were sought after throughout Europe. They knew how to market themselves and how to network. The protagonists in the exhibition comprise not only women artists who created works in demand, but also wives who supported their husbands and posed for them as models and female patrons who gave commissions for artworks and supported women artists, as well as preservationists and collectors who kept and passed on the works.
Not only does the exhibition show the art of these women, it also provides details about the circumstances of their lives to the extent that this information is known. A number of issues are addressed. These include determining what influence being a woman had on these women’s roles in the art world, whether or not they married and became mothers, and which strategies they pursued to assert themselves in a man’s world, thus making it possible for us to still find traces of their respective impacts.
Women’s diverse, active roles in Italian art are presented with drawings and prints until 1800 from the Kupferstichkabinett’s vast collection, as well as some outstanding loans. In various interventions in the exhibition and catalogue, the youth advisory panel of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Achtet AlisMB, contributes the younger generation’s perspective on this topic.
Muse or Maestra?: Women in the Italian Art World, 1400–1800 is curated by Dagmar Korbacher, director of the Kupferstichkabinett. A catalogue accompanies the exhibition.
New Book | Afterlives: Recovering the Lost Stories of Looted Art
The exhibition was at the Jewish Museum in New York from August 2021 until January 2022. From Yale UP:
Darsie Alexander and Sam Sackeroff, with contributions by Julia Voss and Mark Wasiuta, Afterlives: Recovering the Lost Stories of Looted Art (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022), 280 pages, ISBN: 978-0300250701, $50.
A strikingly original exploration of the profound impact of World War II on how we understand the art that survived it
By the end of World War II an estimated one million artworks and 2.5 million books had been seized from their owners by Nazi forces; many were destroyed. The artworks and cultural artifacts that survived have traumatic, layered histories. This book traces the biographies of these objects—including paintings, sculpture, and Judaica—their rescue in the aftermath of the war, and their afterlives in museums and private collections and in our cultural understanding. In examining how this history affects the way we view these works, scholars discuss the moral and aesthetic implications of maintaining the association between the works and their place within the brutality of the Holocaust—or, conversely, the implications of ignoring this history. Afterlives offers a thought-provoking investigation of the unique ability of art and artifacts to bear witness to historical events. With rarely seen archival photographs and with contributions by the contemporary artists Maria Eichhorn, Hadar Gad, Dor Guez, and Lisa Oppenheim, this catalogue illuminates the study of a difficult and still-urgent subject, with many parallels to today’s crises of art in war.
Darsie Alexander is the Susan and Elihu Rose Chief Curator, and Sam Sackeroff is the Lerman-Neubauer Assistant Curator at the Jewish Museum, New York.
Workshop | Provenance Research in Action
From the Society for the History of Collecting:
Provenance Research in Action: Theory, Tools and Implementation
London, 12–16 June 2023
Organized by Adriano Ayomino, Silvia Davoli, Lisa de Zoete, and Barbara Furlott
Applications due by 10 March 2023
Join a week-long, hands-on workshop on provenance research and due diligence in the heart of the London art world. Run by the Society for the History of Collecting in partnership with some of the most relevant London-based museums, libraries, and academic institutions, the workshop aims to introduce students and young professionals to the tools, good practices, and best methodologies involved in researching provenance for paintings, decorative arts, books, archives, etc. Small group workshops, run by professionals in the sector, have been designed to provide an effective method of teaching of the theoretical and practical aspects of provenance research today.
Applicants should send a letter of motivation (no longer than 750 words) and a brief CV (no longer than 1 page) to barbara.furlotti@courtauld.ac.uk by 10 March, 2023. The workshop does not include travel, accommodation, or food (unless specified in the program). Cost for participation is £150 for the full workshop.
A pdf version of the schedule is available here»
Robbie Richardson and Ruth Phillips on Indigenous Objects Abroad

Smoking-pipe, 1600–1750, soapstone, 9.5 × 10 × 5.5 cm (London: The British Museum, Am1991,09.1). As noted in the catalogue entry: “The pipe bowl is from the painter Benjamin West’s studio, and was used as a model in both Death of Wolfe and Penn’s Treaty with the Indians.”
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From the Mellon Centre:
Robbie Richardson and Ruth Phillip on Indigenous Objects Abroad
Online and in-person, Paul Mellon Centre, London, Wednesday, 1 March 2023, 5–7pm
Part of the series ‘In Conversation: New Directions in Art History’, which will explore the changing modes and methodologies of approaching visual and material worlds. Book tickets here.
Robbie Richardson | ‘Peace Pipes’ in Europe: Collecting the Calumet in the Eighteenth Century
This talk will consider early European collections of Indigenous tobacco pipes, often called ‘peace pipes’ or calumets (a word of French origin). Described as “the most mysterious thing in the world” by seventeenth-century Jesuits for their perceived power and significance among south-eastern nations, pipes would over time become one of the ubiquitous icons of Indigeneity in western eyes. Part of their inscrutability from the British perspective was that their own tobacco pipes were ephemeral and disposable, with many even still washing up daily on the shores of the Thames.
Towards the end of the eighteenth century, one of the most popular trade goods which Europeans brought to Indigenous nations were steel European-manufactured ‘pipe-tomahawks’, which blended metaphors of peace and war. The manifestation of this transcultural object is itself revealing of the complex dynamics of material cultural production. Notwithstanding their provenance in Sheffield and Birmingham steel mills, pipe-tomahawks became widely collected as Indigenous curiosities by British soldiers and collectors. This talk will discuss British representations of Indigenous diplomacy and spirituality through their understanding and collecting of the calumet. It will look at several of the pipes that found their ways into European collections, to unravel Indigenous practices and agency.
Robbie Richardson is Assistant Professor of English at Princeton University and the author of The Savage and Modern Self: North American Indians in Eighteenth-Century British Literature and Culture (University of Toronto Press, 2018). He has recent chapters in Material Literacy in Eighteenth-Century Britain: A Nation of Makers (Bloomsbury, 2020) and in Small Things in the Eighteenth Century: The Political and Personal Value of the Miniature (Cambridge University Press, 2022), and forthcoming pieces in Studies in Romanticism, Eighteenth-Century Studies, and Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation. He is currently working on a monograph about Indigenous objects from the Americas and South Pacific in Europe up until the end of the eighteenth century. He is a citizen of Pabineau Mi’kmaq First Nation in New Brunswick, Canada.
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Ruth Phillips | Curiosity and Belonging: Legacies of Eighteenth-Century Collecting in the Twenty-First Century
This talk will examine two contrasting modes of engagement between Europeans and Indigenous peoples in eighteenth-century North America and how these interactions led to the formation of public and private collections. It will urge that in the twenty-first century developing accurate understandings of eighteenth-century collecting practices can usefully disrupt assumptions about the restitution of Indigenous cultural belongings.
The periodic wars waged for colonial control of eastern North America brought tens of thousands of British, French, German and Swiss soldiers into the region. Both officers and common soldiers were avid collectors of curiosities for themselves, to present to patrons and family members, and to resell at a profit. Indigenous makers, for their part, actively produced finely made ornaments, pipes, moccasins and other items for the trade, acquiring in return: guns and tools that made hunting and warfare more effective; rum, tea, pottery, woollen cloth and printed cottons that made life more enjoyable; and silk ribbons, woollen yarn, glass beads, needles, thread and manufactured wampum beads that stimulated artistic creativity. There could also, however, have been other reasons for an Indigenous maker to produce these items for outsiders, for they were also presented in diplomatic negotiations to ratify treaty agreements and in ritual adoptions that transformed a military officer or a colonial official into a member of an Indigenous kin group who could be expected to support its interests.
Contemporary Indigenous peoples are actively tracing their cultural belongings in museum collections as part of a larger process of decolonisation that aims to recover histories of Indigenous agency and heal the damages and losses enacted by centuries of colonial rule. This talk argues that restitution, if conducted in ignorance of the historical circumstances of gifting or trade, risks, on the one hand, denying the agency of Indigenous peoples who chose to engage in curiosity production and, on the other, disappearing the material embodiments of agreements that, although made long ago, still demand to be recognised and honoured.
Ruth B. Phillips is Professor of Art History Emerita at Carleton University, Ottawa where she was also appointed to a Canada Research Chair in Modern Culture. She earned her PhD in African art history at SOAS, University of London, and has since focused on Indigenous North American arts and museology. As director of the Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia from 1997 to 2002 she initiated a major renewal of the museum’s digital and physical research infrastructure adapted to collaborative research with Indigenous peoples. She is the author of Trading Identities: The Souvenir in Native North American Arts from the Northeast, 1700–1900; Museum Pieces: Toward the Indigenization of Canadian Museums; and Native North American Art, with Janet Catherine Berlo. With Nicholas Thomas she organised the Multiple Modernisms project to address Indigenous modernisms in a global comparative framework, co-editing its first publication, Mapping Modernisms: Art, Indigeneity, Colonialism with Elizabeth Harney, and its second, Mediating Modernisms: Indigenous Artists, Modernist Mediators, Global Networks, with Norman Vorano. She is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and recipient of lifetime achievement awards from the American Anthropological Society and the Universities Art Association of Canada.
New Book | Twelve Caesars: Images of Power
From Princeton UP:
Mary Beard, Twelve Caesars: Images of Power from the Ancient World to the Modern (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021), 392 pages, ISBN: 978-0691222363, $35. The A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts, volume 60.
From the bestselling author of SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome, the fascinating story of how images of Roman autocrats have influenced art, culture, and the representation of power for more than 2,000 years.
What does the face of power look like? Who gets commemorated in art and why? And how do we react to statues of politicians we deplore? In this book―against a background of today’s ‘sculpture wars’―Mary Beard tells the story of how for more than two millennia portraits of the rich, powerful, and famous in the western world have been shaped by the image of Roman emperors, especially the ‘Twelve Caesars’, from the ruthless Julius Caesar to the fly-torturing Domitian. Twelve Caesars asks why these murderous autocrats have loomed so large in art from antiquity and the Renaissance to today, when hapless leaders are still caricatured as Neros fiddling while Rome burns.
Beginning with the importance of imperial portraits in Roman politics, this richly illustrated book offers a tour through 2,000 years of art and cultural history, presenting a fresh look at works by artists from Memling and Mantegna to the nineteenth-century American sculptor Edmonia Lewis, as well as by generations of weavers, cabinetmakers, silversmiths, printers, and ceramicists. Rather than a story of a simple repetition of stable, blandly conservative images of imperial men and women, Twelve Caesars is an unexpected tale of changing identities, clueless or deliberate misidentifications, fakes, and often ambivalent representations of authority. From Beard’s reconstruction of Titian’s extraordinary lost Room of the Emperors to her reinterpretation of Henry VIII’s famous Caesarian tapestries, Twelve Caesars includes fascinating detective work and offers a gripping story of some of the most challenging and disturbing portraits of power ever created.
Published in association with the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
Mary Beard is one of the world’s leading classicists and cultural commentators. A specialist in Roman history and art, she is professor of classics at the University of Cambridge and the author of bestselling and award-winning books, including SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome and Women and Power: A Manifesto. She has also written and presented many television programs, from Civilisations and Meet the Romans to The Shock of the Nude. She lives in Cambridge, England.
C O N T E N T S
List of Tables
Preface
1 The Emperor on the Mall: An Introduction
2 Who’s Who in the Twelve Caesars
3 Coins and Portraits, Ancient and Modern
4 The Twelve Caesars, More or Less
5 The Most Famous Caesars of Them All
6 Satire, Subversion, and Assassination
7 Caesar’s Wife . . . Above Suspicion?
8 Afterword
Acknowledgments
Appendix: The Verses underneath Aegidius Sadeler’s Series of Emperors and Empresses
Notes
Bibliography
List of Illustrations
Index
Reception of Greenough’s Statue of George Washington

Stereo card view of the crowd at the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes, on the east front grounds of the U.S. Capitol, surrounding Horatio Greenough’s statue of George Washington, in 1877 (Brady’s National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C./Library of Congress). Commissioned in 1832 to mark Washington’s 100th birthday, Horatio Greenough’s sculpture of the first president was installed in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda in 1841. Two years later the 12-ton statue was moved outside to the building’s East Plaza, where it stood until 1908, when it was moved to the Smithsonian Institution castle on the National Mall.
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An interesting article from The Washington Post for the wider context of contested public sculpture (here presented for a large, general audience). Unfortunately, it doesn’t address this particular controversy in terms of people’s expectations of how a historic figure (in 1841, still a recent historic figure) should have been represented and thus might reinforce persistent misconceptions of nineteenth-century attitudes toward nudity in art generally. The larger question of monumentalizing the lives of real people could bring the history of Greenough’s work into conversation with the initial reception of Hank Willis Thomas’s recently installed memorial for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King, The Embrace, at Boston’s 1965 Freedom Plaza. For the latter, there has, of course, been lots of coverage, but I like this article by Jessica Shearer, “What Do Bostonians Think of the New MLK Monument?,” HyperAllergic (25 January 2023). –CH
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Horatio Greenough, President George Washington, completed in 1840, marble (Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution).
Ronald G. Shafer, “The First Statue Removed from the Capitol: George Washington in a Toga,” The Washington Post (22 January 2023).
Slowly, some of the U.S. Capitol’s many statues and other artworks honoring enslavers have been slated for removal, most recently a bust of Roger B. Taney, the chief justice who wrote the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision denying Black people citizenship. But the first statue Congress voted to remove from the Capitol was one of George Washington [in 1908]—not because Washington was an enslaver, but because the statue was scandalous. The first president was portrayed naked to the waist in a toga with his right finger pointing toward the sky and his left hand clasping a sheathed sword. . . .
The full article is available here»



















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