Enfilade

From the Call for Papers:

Publics of the First Public Museums: Visual Sources, 18th–19th Centuries
Los públicos de los primeros museos públicos: Fuentes visuales, siglos XVIII y XIX
Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, 5–6 June 2025

Organized by Carla Mazzarelli and David García Cueto

Proposals due by 20 January 2025

This conference is an integral part of the research project Visibility Reclaimed: Experiencing Rome’s First Public Museums, 1733–1870, An Analysis of Public Audiences in a Transnational Perspective (FNS 100016_212922) directed by Carla Mazzarelli. Marking the third of three encounters (building upon Institutional Sources and Literary Discourses), this workshop delves into the examination of visual sources, vital to understanding the forms of representation of early museums and their publics. We intend to investigate a vast range of visual sources, from views of internal and external spaces to architectural and display projects, from caricatures to illustrations published in catalogues, guidebooks, voyages pittoresques up to the (self)representation of publics, museum staff (directors, custodians, ciceroni), and artists within the museum.

Visual sources have long represented a privileged source for investigating the origins of the first public museums and the impact on their publics. However, in the light of recent studies aimed at deepening the material history of the museum and the encounter of the public with the institutions, these sources deserve closer scrutiny in both methodological and critical terms. As museums sought to define and engage their publics, visual sources often became both a mirror and a mould; they reflect and shape institutional and societal perceptions, contributing to build up the idea of museum but also to give a depiction of practices of access to public and private collections in Europe and in the world more widely.

The Museo Nacional del Prado welcomes this initiative as it has been involved since its foundation in 1819 in the process that the conference analyzes. The well known paintings that represent the spaces of Museo Nacional del Prado since its opening, such as those of Fernando Brambilla, are an important starting and comparison point for the theme at the center of the conference discussion. On the other hand, paintings depicting ‘quadrerie’ have been a codified genre since at least the 17th century. Such artworks have been read as sources for the study of the evolution of the display during the early modern age, but they also represent reference models for artists on how to represent the interiors of museum spaces, their publics, and staff.

The Prado conference aims, therefore, to answer the following questions:
• In what terms can visual sources be used as a starting point for a broader reflection on the definition and progressive evolution of the way of looking and experiencing the spaces of collecting and museums, increasingly opened to a general public from the late 18th century?
• What kind of visual representations of the publics in museums are privileged by institutions at the origins of their foundation?
• When and how can we recognize forms of self-representation and/or visual promotion of museum, its spaces and its staff?
• What can the images depicting the spaces of collecting and the first public museums tell us about the evolution of visitor’s gaze and of their encounter with the institutions?

We welcome papers offering new insights on the following topics and materials:
• The role of artists and architects specialized in the genre of the ‘museum’ view (paintings and prints). In particular, we will appreciate specific insights not only into the backgrounds and careers of specific, lesser-known personalities, but also into the methods they developed to ‘portray’ the museum and their audiences and any relationships they had with institutions.
• Architectural plans/sketches/drawings as a vehicle for the study of museography in relation to publics. From the drawing of ideal museums to the design of first public museums, we are interested in exploring how, through the study of published and unpublished graphic materials, we can reconstruct a history of museography for the public, at its origins.
• Facing each other: artists vs general publics. We are interested in investigating how the publics are represented in the first images depicting the museums, focusing in particular on the theme of the “encounter of the audiences” and the interrogatives that may emerge regarding gender, identity and culture issues within the early museums. In this context we are also interested in the role of satire and caricatures and what they can tell about social reception of museums, their staff and audiences.
• The role of illustration in periodicals, guides, catalogues, novels and literature in general dedicated to the museum and the related topic of “Museums at Hand” (maps, postcards, souvenirs, “portable museums”). We are interested in how visual narratives of the museum have been constructed to make it more accessible to the public. In particular, we encourage proposals on the relationship between visual and written narratives.
• The role of early photographs in/of the museum. We are also interested in exploring how photography contributes to disseminating the image of the museum to a wider public, as well as the material history aspects of its use in the museum.

With a spotlight on interdisciplinary and transnational approaches, the conference calls for a deeper probe into the visual and material realms of museums, emphasizing the interplay between visual sources, literary discourses, and artworks, collections, display, space, staff and audiences ‘narrated’ or ‘observed’ in the museum of the 18th and 19th centuries. We aim to broaden the horizon by drawing parallels with analogous visual documentation from other cultural spaces that the project seeks to study in comparative terms. This includes libraries, academies, galleries, private collections, villas, both ancient and modern monuments, archaeological sites, places of worship, theatres, ateliers, and more.

Key points to consider
• To foster dialogue around the most recent research endeavors on the topic, we especially encourage submissions from doctoral candidates and early-career researchers, who are currently delving into original themes and sources resonant with the workshop’s objectives.
• Preference will be given to applications showcasing interdisciplinary research approaches. This encompasses the melding of art and architectural history with material history, literature, intermedial studies, tourism studies, geography, and beyond.
• Submissions emphasizing digital humanities are highly regarded. This includes, but is not limited to, cataloguing projects, databases concerning in particular to visual sources, the visiting experiences and audiences of the first public museum in comparisons with other institutions and places (e.g., libraries, academies, galleries, villas, ancient and modern monuments).
• We highly value case studies adopting transnational and/or transregional perspectives. Proposals exploring underrepresented geographies within the sphere of museum studies are particularly encouraged.
• The primary focus of this conference is on the 18th and 19th centuries. However, topics on the 17th and the early 20th century are also welcome, provided they maintain a strong engagement with or connection to these two centuries.

Contributors are invited to submit an abstract (max. 2000 characters, including spaces) accompanied by a brief CV (max. 1500 characters, including spaces) and a minimum of three keywords to: visibilityreclaimed@gmail.com. Application will be evaluated and communicated by the conference directors. Accepted languages are English, French, Italian, and Spanish. Please note that for the selected contributors there is no registration fee, though reimbursement for travel and accommodation is not included.

Contact
visibilityreclaimed@gmail.com
congreso.visibily@museodelprado.es

Direction
Carla Mazzarelli (Università della Svizzera italiana, Accademia di Architettura, Istituto di storia e teoria dell’arte e dell’architettura)
David García Cueto (Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado)

Co-organisation
Centro de Estudios del Prado (MNP)
Accademia di Architettura, Istituto di storia e teoria dell’arte e dell’architettura (USI)

Secretary
Gaetano Cascino and Luca Piccoli (Università della Svizzera italiana)
Itziar Arana Cobos (Centro de Estudios, Museo Nacional del Prado)

Deadline for abstract submission: 20 January 2025
Notification of acceptance: 3 February 2025

From ArtHist.net:

Miniature Painting and Its Recipes in the Early Modern Period, 1500–1800: The Transmission of Technical Knowledge in the East and West
Volume edited by Mandana Barkeshli and Matthieu Lett

Proposals due by 15 January 2025; completed essays due by 15 November 2025

Peer-reviewed volume edited by Mandana Barkeshli (UCSI University) and Matthieu Lett (Université de Bourgogne/LIR3S, Institut Universitaire de France), to be published in Brill’s book series Studies in Art & Materiality (Editor-in-Chief: Ann-Sophie Lehmann).

In art history, the practice of miniature painting raises unique challenges in terms of definition. This is partly due to its material hybridity—both in terms of supports and pictorial layers (pigments, binders)—but also because of its size and the variety of objects it encompasses. The term miniature covers a wide range of techniques, including painting on paper, vellum, or ivory, as well as enamel and illumination.

In both the East and the West, the early modern period marked a pivotal moment of technical experimentation, coinciding with the development of both professional and amateur practices of miniature painting. During this time, miniature painting was practiced by professionals but also by high-ranking figures such as Shah Tahmasp I and the Spanish queen Marie Louise d’Orléans. The distinctive properties of miniature paints—such as the lack of staining or odor, unlike oil paints—along with the ease of copying compositions, may have encouraged its adoption in courtly settings.

The simultaneous emergence of practical treatises in both the East and West—notably the Qanun us-Suvar by Sadiqi Bek (ca. 1570–1600) and A Treatise Concerning the Arte of Limning by Nicholas Hilliard (ca. 1600)—reflects this phenomenon. These treatises provided recipes for mixing colors, advice on representing certain motifs, and instructions for preparing various supports. They signaled a major shift in how the knowledge and techniques of miniature painting were transmitted. While these texts could not entirely replace the traditional master-apprentice model, some manuscripts and books enabled students to grasp the basics independently. Independent learning was especially encouraged for women, who increasingly pursued miniature painting in Europe from the second half of the 17th century onward. Similarly, Persian women artists made notable, though less documented, contributions to miniature painting during the Safavid and Qajar periods. However, professional training primarily took place within workshops, where the secrets of the craft were closely guarded.

This volume, building on discussions initiated during the 36th CIHA Congress (Lyon, 23–28 June 2024), seeks to study the technical recipes and transmission methods of miniature painting in the East and West from a comparative perspective. By doing so, it aims to illuminate the material hybridity of miniature painting and provide new insights into the conditions of its production.

We invite contributions from academics, museum and library professionals responsible for Eastern or Western miniature collections, and conservation scientists specializing in materials analysis. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
1  Materials used in miniature painting (supports, paper colors, sizing, dyes, pigments, inks, binding mediums).
2  Rediscovery of technical knowledge and practices based on historical recipes and/or scientific analysis.
3  The conditions of transmission through oral traditions or written sources, especially recipes.
4  The social (workshops, courts) and/or gendered contexts of transmission.
5  Terminology in historical manuals and recipes, including challenges in translation and understanding the historical context of recipes through modern chemistry.
Comparative approaches are especially encouraged.

The selected contributions will be published in Brill’s Studies in Art & Materiality, a peer-reviewed series dedicated to innovative scholarship on the intersections of art, materials, and making (Editor-in-Chief: Ann-Sophie Lehmann). Authors will be required to submit a full manuscript of up to 50,000 characters (including spaces and references) by 15 November 2025. Each article may include up to 12 images, which should be provided as JPG or TIFF files at 300 DPI resolution. All submissions will undergo a double-blind peer review.

To submit a proposal, please email Mandana Barkeshli (mandana@ucsiuniversity.edu.my) and Matthieu Lett (matthieu.lett@u-bourgogne.fr) by 15 January 2025 with the following documents:
• Title of the proposed paper (concise and reflective of the paper’s content)
• Abstract (350–500 words in English), including 4–6 keywords and a brief bibliography
• Short Curriculum Vitae

From ArtHist.net:

Interspecies Interactions in the Visual Arts, 1550–1914: Collaborations, Experimentations, Oppositions
Lyon, 21–23 May 2025

Organized by Oriane Poret, Clara Langer, and Laurent Baridon

Proposals due by 10 January 2025

While representations of animals abound in Western art, often invoked by iconography to support symbolic interpretations of works, they are, however, rarely considered for their own sake by academic research, despite numerous calls to “look at animals” (Berger, 1980). Over the last forty years, the role of animals has attracted increasing interest from historians and art historians, particularly in the Anglophone world, and is gradually gaining ground in other regions, notably in French research. This renewed attention is part of a broader movement to reconsider the relationships between humans and other-than-humans, illuminating the multiple ways in which animals have been represented, perceived, and involved throughout history. While Éric Baratay reconstructs animal lives (Baratay, 2017) and Katie Hornstein investigates the reasons behind the disappearance of felines from 19th-century art (Hornstein, 2024), Sean Kheraj and Jennifer Bonnell (Kheraj & Bonnell, 2022) undertake the challenging task of reading animal traces in archives. A similar trend can be observed in museums. For instance, the curators of the exhibition Les Animaux du Roi at the Château de Versailles (2021) endeavoured to reconstruct a royal menagerie through artworks. In 2023, the British Library highlighted its sound archives of the animal kingdom in the exhibition Animals: Art, Science and Sound. Inspired by various natural habitats, the exhibition documented the lives of species while preserving their voices. Broader research projects are also being conducted by research institutions, such as the Moving Animals project led by Raf de Bont at Maastricht University since 2019. Others have focused on specific families of animals and their long-term history, including the New History of Fishes project conducted by the LUCAS centre at Leiden University between 2015 and 2019 (Smith & Egmond, 2024).

The proposed symposium aligns with this dynamic and aims to analyse the interspecies interactions between humans and other animals visible in the visual arts. It spans the era commonly known as the ‘scientific revolution’ to the industrial/industrious revolution, covering a period from the mid-16th century to the early 20th century. The second half of the 16th century witnessed a renewal of thought regarding animals: this was expressed, on the one hand, in the field of natural history, which moved away from the ancient writings that had served as models until then, revised by authors such as Pierre Belon and Ulysse Aldrovandi; and on the other hand, in the renewed reflection on the human-animal relationship, brought to the forefront by figures such as Michel de Montaigne and Pierre Gassendi, or, in opposition, René Descartes. These evolving ideas are perceptible in art, which renders this new philosophy of the human-animal relationship tangible (Cohen in Enenkel/Smith, 2007), and embeds these representations within the process of scientific development. The long 19th century marks a turning point in the understanding and exploitation of animals. As animal protection movements institutionalised at the beginning of the century, with the establishment of societies dedicated to animal welfare and the introduction of the first laws against cruelty, a new perspective emerged, focusing on the animal-machine concept. This notion, already present in Descartes’ modern thought, was exacerbated by the development of mechanisation and mass production, embodied by the advent of assembly lines, notably in slaughterhouses. From then on, the animal was perceived not only as a cog in an economic system but also as a participant in the modern war machine (Baratay, 2014).

This symposium proposes to study how artists have not only observed animals and, in some cases, lived alongside them, but have also sometimes attributed agency to them. The idea of an active relationship between the artist and the animal raises fundamental questions about the role of animals in artistic production. Are they merely objects of study, partners in creation, or autonomous agents in a larger process? How does the making of artworks define or blur boundaries between humans and other-than-humans? The analysis of artistic practices allows for questioning the nature of the bond between humans and other animals, and examining how, in certain works, the animal can be perceived as a protagonist capable of resisting attempts at reification. Rather than being a mere reflection of power relations between humans and animals, artistic creation thus becomes a site of negotiation, even contestation, of these relationships.

The ambition of this symposium is to offer a transversal and innovative reflection on artistic modes of appropriation of animals, without limiting itself to domesticated animals and mammals. It is also to transcend traditional frameworks of art history by examining the relationship between Western artists and animals, perceived both as companions in life, partners in creation, and as social and cultural actors. By focusing on the restricted cultural area of the West, it will allow for the exploration of particular modes of relations with animals, situating them in relation to other ontologies (Descola, 2021), and recontextualising them within broader discussions on issues of circulation and domination. In doing so, it will seek to examine how artists have echoed, or not, the profound changes in the relationships between humans and animals.

The symposium seeks interdisciplinary approaches as well as contributions from different disciplines. In the hope to encourage those various attitudes, four main sections can be considered. Proposals for presentations may align with one or more of these sections, as they are indicative and not exclusive, aiming to provoke diverse reflections on the place of animals in art and in the humanities/social sciences. The committee will also appreciate proposals that include reflections on the methodologies of art history in addressing animal-related questions.

Section 1 | (Re)viewing and (Re)reading Animal Behaviours

Animals are inherently active, animated, and mobile beings with their own will. While this understanding is accepted today (Harchi, 2024), a portion of modern authors, particularly those within Cartesian thought, has questioned this capacity. The perception of animal behaviours is fluctuating, prompting an inquiry into how artists represent these behaviours across different historical periods. To what extent do these representations reflect contemporary veterinary, naturalistic, or zootechnical discourses? Are certain animals endowed with human traits, or are they depicted as autonomous entities with their own behaviours? What of representations that reify animals, transforming the entirety of the creature or its substance? With the ‘scientific revolution’, modes of representation and appropriation of fauna have evolved, coinciding with the proliferation of menageries. Surpassing mere symbolism or decorative accessory, animals have become subjects in visual culture. Iconographic codes borrowed from scientific literature have been integrated into visual arts by figures such as Paulus Potter or George Stubbs, progressively individualising animals into genuine ‘portraits’. Does the portrait then reflect actual relationships with the animal? This section aims, first, to examine how artists translate discoveries regarding animal behaviour into their works and how these evocations fit within successive scientific debates. It will then explore potential interspecies affinities detectable in visual or textual archives.

Section 2 | Animal Experience, Between Beliefs and Sciences

Experience is understood here in a deliberately multifaceted sense: the experience by the animal, the experience of the animal, and the experience on the animal. The animal’s body is the field for experiments, both scientific and more esoteric, exploiting the animal’s substance. This is evidenced from the 16th century by nature casts from the German artists Wenzel Jamnitzer and Bernard Palissy, followed in the 18th century by paintings such as An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump by Joseph Wright of Derby (1768). For a long time, animals were associated with belief systems and superstitions, embodying supernatural forces or polysemous symbols. Alchemy gave them pride of place, echoing other beliefs with pagan origins. Scientific and industrial developments changed these paradigms, turning the animal body into a source of knowledge and production. What are the material traces of experiments and experiences conducted with/on the animal body in works of art and artistic objects? How do artists position themselves in relation to the experiments of their contemporaries?

Section 3 | From Extraction to Artistic Exploitation

From the dawn of sedentarisation, animals have been integrated into human economic systems, playing a central role in exploitation through farming, hunting, transportation, and the trade of so-called ‘exotic’ species. This extractivist dimension (Pouillard, 2019)—which encompasses capture, forced domestication, and mass movements of animals—is often overlooked by art history, despite its profound impact on artistic representations. This section seeks to interrogate the strategies employed to benefit from animal resources and the networks available to artists. Artists were actors in circuits of appropriation and transmission of animals akin to amateur collectors. Who were then the intermediaries (merchants, caretakers, transporters, etc.) between animals and artists? How did the forced circulation of animals, their commodification, and practices of domestication influence their treatment in visual representations? This section proposes to expand the reflection to include animals that have been reified post-mortem through taxidermy and used as artistic models. Extractivist practices invite a reconsideration of the forms of governance exerted by humans over animals (Piazzesi, 2023). In this sense, can artistic work be seen as a form of domination or collaboration? What is the extent of the violence present in the imagery?

Section 4 | Resistances, Negotiations, and Oppositions

In light of the affinities between artists and animals, this last section offers an opportunity to explore forms of ‘animal resistances’ visible in works of art, discernible in historical testimonies, or perceptible in the material evolutions of objects. Given the diversity of discussions on this issue and the risk of anthropomorphism, this section seeks to reclaim the term ‘resistances’ to encompass more subtle forms that imply “a conscious and intentional decision to oppose” (Pearson, 2015) authority and oppression. Beyond escape attempts, flights, or bites that defy constraints, how can we identify signs of boredom or weariness within the works? What non-human communications are detectable in the sources? What do animal reactions teach us about their exploitation as models? What do textual and visual archives (notably photography) reveal about the reality of the treatment of animals? Many researchers, for instance, interpret the cracking of ivory objects as manifestations of the animal material’s memory of its exploitation or reification. Thus, this section, as well as the previous one, also encourages papers looking at animals as art materials.

Numerous academic works invite the humanities and social sciences to question their methods and underscore the necessity of a paradigm shift. This call aspires to foster a convergence between sciences and to summon knowledge from various research fields and plural horizons, conditions deemed essential today to comprehend animal existence (Baratay, 2010) and interspecies issues in images. By gathering knowledge and expertise, the symposium aims to deliberately open the perspectives of art history to collaborations with other scientific fields.

Proposals

We invite scholars in art history and animal history, as well as those from the fields of animal sciences and ethology, to submit proposals that address these questions and open new avenues of reflection on the relationship between animals and artistic creation. Proposals, whether individual or collaborative, are welcome for case studies, comparative approaches, and ongoing research. Aware of the structural challenges in working with both visual and textual archives to recover animal traces, the scientific committee will pay particular attention to methodologies and to innovative proposals.

Proposals (around 300 words), accompanied by a short bio-bibliography, should be sent by 10 January 2025 to clara.langer2@univ-lyon2.fr and riane.poret@univ-lyon2.fr. Notification should follow by 21 February.

Presentations, lasting 15 to 20 minutes, will be followed by discussions with the audience. Travel costs for speakers to Lyon may be covered by the organization, subject to available funding (doctoral students and speakers with no affiliation as a priority). The symposium may be the subject of a publication, the form of which remains to be defined. For any questions or additional information, please contact: clara.langer2@univ-lyon2.fr and oriane.poret@univ-lyon2.fr.

Organising Committee
Oriane Poret, Université Lyon 2 / LARHRA
Clara Langer, Université Lyon 2 – Universität Konstanz / LARHRA
Laurent Baridon, Université Lyon 2 / LARHRA

Scientific Committee
Prof. Dr. Guillaume Cassegrain, Université Grenoble-Alpes / LARHRA
Dr. Kate Nichols, The Barber Institute of Fine Arts, University of Birmingham
Dr. Amandine Péquignot, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle / PALOC
Dr. Violette Pouillard, CNRS / LARHRA
Prof. Dr. Maurice Saß, Alanus Hochschule für Kunst und Gesellschaft, Alfter
Dr. Silvia Sebastiani, EHESS / CRH-GEHM