Enfilade

New Book | Capitalism and the Emergence of Civic Equality

Posted in books by Editor on May 2, 2022

From The University of Chicago Press:

William Sewell, Capitalism and the Emergence of Civic Equality in Eighteenth-Century France (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2021), 416 pages, ISBN: 9780226770321 (cloth), $105 / ISBN: 9780226770468 (paper), $35.

There is little doubt that the French Revolution of 1789 changed the course of Western history. But why did the idea of civic equality—a distinctive signature of that revolution—find such fertile ground in France? How might changing economic and social realities have affected political opinions? William H. Sewell Jr. argues that the flourishing of commercial capitalism in eighteenth-century France introduced a new independence, flexibility, and anonymity to French social life. By entering the interstices of this otherwise rigidly hierarchical society, expanded commodity exchange colored everyday experience in ways that made civic equality thinkable, possible, even desirable, when the crisis of the French Revolution arrived. Sewell ties together masterful analyses of a multitude of interrelated topics: the rise of commerce, the emergence of urban publics, the careers of the philosophes, commercial publishing, patronage, political economy, trade, and state finance. Capitalism and the Emergence of Civic Equality in Eighteenth-Century France offers an original interpretation of one of history’s pivotal moments.

William H. Sewell Jr. is the Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in Political Science and History at the University of Chicago. He is the author of several books, including, most recently, Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation, published by the University of Chicago Press.

C O N T E N T S

Introduction: The French Revolution and the Shock of Civic Equality
1  Old Regime State and Society
2  The Eighteenth-Century Economy: Commerce and Capitalism

I. The Emergence of an Urban Public
3  The Commercial Public Sphere
4  The Empire of Fashion
5  The Parisian Promenade

II. The Philosophes and the Career Open to Talent
6  The Philosophe Career and the Impossible Example of Voltaire
7  Denis Diderot: Living by the Pen
8  The Abbé Morellet: Between Publishing and Patronage
9  Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Self-Deceived Clientage

III. Royal Administration and the Promise of Political Economy
10  Tocqueville’s Challenge: Royal Administration and the Rise of Civic Equality
11  Warfare, Taxes, and Administrative Centralization: The Double Bind of Royal Finance
12  Political Economy: A Solution to the Double Bind?
13  Navigating the Double Bind: Efforts at Reform

Conclusion: The Revolution and the Advent of Civic Equality
Epilogue: Civic Equality and the Continuing History of Capitalism

Acknowledgments
References
Index

Call for Papers | The Science of Taste in the 18th Century

Posted in Calls for Papers, journal articles by Editor on May 2, 2022

From Fabula.org (which also includes the accompanying bibliography) . . .

La Science du Goût au XVIIIe Siècle
Special issue of Revue Internationale d’étude du dix-huitième siècle (RIEDS), edited by Guilhem Armand and Emmanuelle Sempère

Proposals due by 1 June 2022; completed essays due by 1 November 2022

« Ce sens, ce don de discerner nos aliments, a produit dans toutes les langues connues, la métaphore qui exprime par le mot goût, le sentiment des beautés et des défauts dans tous les arts »
–Voltaire, « Goût (Gramm.​​ Litterat.​​ & Philos.​​) », Encyclopédie, vol. VII (1757).

« Une espèce de toucher plus fin, plus subtil »
–Jaucourt, « Goût (Physiolog.) », Ibid.

Ce siècle, qui est celui de l’Encyclopédie, qui, en quelque sorte, s’ouvre avec l’ennoblissement de la science par Fontenelle qui parvient dans le même temps à en faire un objet de plaisir, et se clôt avec La Physiologie du goût, n’est-il pas celui où tente de s’élaborer une véritable science du goût ?

Le 18e siècle – ou, plus largement, le grand âge classique – est en effet la grande période de théorisation du goût, mais la labilité du terme rend en même temps la notion rétive à toute tentative de définition stricte. Pourquoi désigner de l’un des cinq sens ce qui flatte l’oreille (un air), charme la vue (un tableau), plaît à l’esprit ou au cœur ? Pourquoi même désigner d’un sens corporel ce qui stimule l’esprit ou heurte les règles sociales ? Enfin, pourquoi parmi ces cinq sens choisir l’un des moins « nobles », et peut-être le moins attendu (et non pas l’odorat, l’expression « avoir le nez fin » étant attestée depuis au moins 1694) ? Car il convient de noter que les choses de la table et tout ce qui s’y rapporte relèvent du péché de gourmandise dont, rappellent médecins et théologiens de l’époque, on est puni par l’indisposition ou la maladie. Or, il n’est peut-être pas indifférent que cette association entre un sens et un jugement se cristallise à une époque où la gourmandise commence à être réhabilitée, où la gastronomie naît et acquiert progressivement ses lettres de noblesse, tandis que les belles lettres deviennent littérature. Au même moment, un domaine du savoir se dégage au croisement des disciplines artistiques et de la philosophie : l’esthétique. Le goût, ce serait donc ce terme qui permet d’évoquer à la fois une sensation, une émotion et un jugement, une intuition et une théorie.

Durant cette même période, ce que l’on appelle le goût français se répand dans toute l’Europe et même au-delà, pour devenir durablement synonyme du bon goût. La notion revient sans cesse, pour définir une convenance sociale dans les apparences, caractériser une posture, un langage, une réussite ou un échec littéraire, théâtral, artistique, mais aussi tout simplement pour désigner la saveur d’un mets. Le goût cristallise aussi des enjeux politiques et entretient des liens forts avec les notions d’esprit des nations et de génie : c’est peut-être ce qui explique l’intérêt grandissant des Lumières pour ce concept difficile, cousin du je-ne-sais-quoi, et la multiplication des tentatives de définition qu’il suscite, voire des querelles, au moment même où s’élabore la science esthétique, où le mot et l’idée d’original changent de statut, où la notion d’expérience humaine s’individualise. La question du goût se pose de façon d’autant plus intéressante que la littérature fait une place de plus en plus grande à une vie psychique clairement ancrée dans la vie physique. Cette science du goût qui s’élabore se situe ainsi au cœur du partage des savoirs qui caractérise le 18e siècle : au confluent de différents domaines, elle s’en enrichit, non sans éviter le risque d’une certaine confusion.

La question du goût au 18e siècle a fait principalement l’objet de deux types d’approche, résonnant avec l’analogie étudiée dans l’article du même nom dans l’Encyclopédie de Diderot et D’Alembert : le goût comme sens physique, renvoyant à la gourmandise, et le goût en lien avec l’esthétique au moment où cette science émerge. Les travaux de Jean-Claude Bonnet – du numéro 15 de DHS à son ouvrage La Gourmandise et la faim, 2015 – ainsi que ceux de Béatrice Fink, et d’historiens comme Philippe Meyzie (Lumières n° 11 « La Gourmandise entre péché et plaisir ») ont enrichi et affiné notre connaissance de la réhabilitation du péché de gourmandise, de la transformation des arts culinaires en ce qui s’appellera bientôt la gastronomie (1801), des débats techniques, médicaux et philosophiques. Si quelques travaux comme ceux de Frédéric Charbonneau (L’École de la gourmandise, 2008) font le lien entre esthétique – et en particulier littérature – et gourmandise, les deux domaines restent le plus souvent distincts. Cependant, les positions et postures des auteurs du 18e siècle en matière de morale et d’esthétique sont de plus en plus interrogées aujourd’hui sous l’angle d’une sensibilité concrète, voire d’une physiologie. Depuis les travaux d’Alain Corbin, les « cultures sensibles » sont devenues un objet historique et plus généralement l’anthropologie sensorielle très active outre-Atlantique depuis les travaux de Howes et de Classen trouve un assez large écho dans l’ensemble des sciences humaines. Ces approches sont d’autant plus pertinentes pour le goût qu’il engage une sensorialité dite « basse » en dépit des opérations de symbolisation dont il fait l’objet – l’homologie avec le jugement de valeur en est une. Force est en effet de constater que si le goût participe, tout comme la vue, des deux ordres de la sensibilité que constituent la morale et la sensation, il conduit bien davantage, ou plus directement, dans les ressacs de la sensation et de ses ressorts physiologiques. Serait-ce à dire que le « goût » le plus « sublime » relèverait de ce qu’il y a de plus matériel en nous[1] ? On pourrait en prendre pour preuve les coups de boutoir dont le Neveu attaque l’édifice du bon goût et qui bouleversent l’ordre moral et esthétique du Philosophe de la Satire seconde. Lequel confesse une forme de dégoût : « Je commençais à supporter avec peine la présence d’un homme qui discutait une action horrible, un exécrable forfait, comme un connaisseur en peinture ou en poésie examine les beautés d’un ouvrage de goût[2] ». Celui qui mange mal (ou peu, ou trop) et celui qui mange bien (à satiété, en bonne compagnie, avec mesure et choix) dessinent ainsi les contours de goûts concurrents, qui questionnent et mettent à mal les idéaux de sociabilité et d’universalité.

Le goût s’envisage avec profit par son envers, ou son dessous, qu’il s’agisse du “mauvais goût” ou du “dégoût”. Le premier a été envisagé par Jennifer Tsien relativement à l’esthétique du 18ème siècle (Le Mauvais goût des autres, 2017) et par Carine Barbafieri et Jean-Christophe Abramovici sous un angle résolument transversal (L’Invention du mauvais goût à l’âge classique, 2013). Le second a fait l’objet d’une journée d’étude en mai 2019 à l’Université d’Aix Marseille (« Le Dégoût : vécu, perception, représentations et histoire »).

C’est à la fois dans la lignée de ces travaux récents ou plus anciens, et dans une perspective renouvelée, que se situe cet appel. La richesse et la diversification des travaux sur le goût dans ces dernières décennies montrent à quel point les enjeux du goût débordent les questions purement esthétiques ou idéologiques. Cet appel à communication voudrait donc envisager la catégorie du goût non plus seulement dans ses fonctions normatives ou axiologiques, ou dans ses dimensions sociologiques ou esthétiques, mais aussi en tant que catégorie épistémique et scientifique. Il s’agira d’interroger la notion de “goût” au 18e dans le champ des savoirs, pour mieux comprendre les enjeux heuristiques et méthodologiques que les philosophes, écrivains, artistes, savants et amateurs ont voulu lui prêter.

Ce dossier de RIEDS s’intéressera donc au goût sous toutes les formes et dans tous les sens que lui donne le XVIIIe siècle, mais en mettant en particulier l’accent sur le lien entre les deux termes de la métaphore, les deux sens du goût, et en postulant que ce lien n’est pas seulement de l’ordre de l’histoire esthétique ou des mentalités. La labilité des notions de bon et de mauvais goût, l’empirisme qui préside au choix du terme goût pour parler de préférence esthétique et, parallèlement, l’ambiguïté qui caractérise la gastronomie encore naissante et pas encore ainsi nommée doivent avoir partie liée. C’est pourquoi nous envisageons l’angle de la science du goût, qui permet de s’intéresser au lien qu’opère cette notion entre l’intuitif et le rationnel : le goût apparaît en effet comme un point de jonction important entre une appréhension concrète – induite par le sens premier – et une signification plus abstraite, en quelque sorte à l’image de ce lien permanent entre arts et théories, fiction et savoir, qui est au cœur des écrits des Lumières. Le goût, devenu objet d’un discours savant, cristallise en effet les différends philosophiques de toute farine. Prise entre les feux du rationalisme et de la subjectivité, de la physiologie et de la morale, la science du goût ne risque-t-elle pas la contradiction ? Et ne cristalliserait-elle pas ainsi une « révolution morale » (au sens de K.A. Appiah[3]) ?

Si Kant ou Burke ont tenté de revisiter l’idée que l’esthétique pourrait se passer d’un rapport direct et sensitif, voire sensuel, aux objets, n’est-ce pas qu’il y avait bien, chez tant d’autres théoriciens, notamment les Encyclopédistes (Diderot et Jaucourt, en particulier), en partant de la physiologie, un matérialisme sourd travaillant cet ennoblissement du sens ? Mais le point de départ physiologiste n’est pas nécessairement matérialiste et peut abonder d’autres théories, comme celles du médecin et écrivain Tiphaigne de La Roche, qui tenta une solution hybride (sinon incertaine, voire confuse) de matérialisme spiritualiste.

En forçant le trait, un hiatus se dessine entre une conception subjectiviste du goût, sur lequel elle fait peser un risque d’obscurité, d’illégitimité, de solipsisme, et une conception sensitive et physiologique qui voudrait gommer la labilité du jugement de goût dans une perspective positive et scientifique. À cette aune doublement complexe, les goûts et les dégoûts des savants, des artistes et des écrivains de la période, ne nous parlent plus seulement de leur sensibilité, mais peuvent informer une histoire émotionnelle des mentalités, qui pourra s’appuyer sur les travaux de Françoise Waquet[4]. Aussi, l’examen de l’hypothèse d’une science du goût en construction au fil du siècle pourra-t-il se doubler d’une réflexion sur le savoir que nous construisons nous-mêmes sur le goût que les hommes et les femmes des Lumières ont manifesté, sans le théoriser, mais en l’expérimentant sans relâche et de multiples façons, pour une science mêlée, dont on rappellera qu’elle ne s’inféode pas à l’objectivité moderne.

Les contributions (en histoire des idées, histoire et théories de l’art, littérature, histoire culturelle) pourront aborder les axes suivants :

Les savoirs sur le goût: la critique a déjà défriché toute cette littérature autour de la gourmandise et du goût au sens physiologique, ainsi que les nombreux textes théoriques tels que les préfaces de manuels culinaires (J.-C. Bonnet, B. Fink), les ouvrages de médecine, les traités savants sur l’agronomie (on pense évidemment à Parmentier), et les correspondances d’auteurs qui révèlent goûts et dégoûts, excès et régimes. Si on prolonge l’enquête, ces textes peuvent-ils se lire comme le lieu où se pense le passage du sens matériel à sa symbolisation, où s’interroge le lien entre la perception subjective du goût et le défi théorique tendant à une forme d’universalisme ? Que nous disent, par exemple, les plaisirs d’Émilie du Châtelet ou les raffinements libertins du rapport entre l’individuel et le politique ?

Matérialité du goût et sensualisme. Comment s’articulent les théories du goût (dans tous les sens) et le sensualisme des Lumières ? Qu’impliquent les bouleversements épistémiques touchant la sensation sur la définition du jugement de goût ? Le goût peut-il relever de la pure matière ? Un savoir abstrait peut-il se passer d’un rapport direct, sensitif, voire sensuel aux objets ? Du côté de l’esthétique, il s’agira de s’intéresser à ce glissement du je-ne-sais-quoi à l’originalité, à ce moment où le goût déborde les règles de la Technè. On pourra s’intéresser aux arts d’agrément, aux querelles esthétiques, à la question de la permanence ou de l’universalité du grand goût par rapport aux théories relativistes, ainsi qu’aux questionnements sur la postérité.

Les goûteurs et les dégoûtants : sociologie et anthropologie du goût. À cette époque où se redéfinit le sublime, où l’association du beau et du bien se trouve remise en question, où les frontières du bon et du mauvais goût semblent mouvantes, c’est aussi fondamentalement le rapport du goût à la morale qui se trouve questionné, dans un siècle qui désire certes détacher la science et la philosophie d’un certain nombre de préoccupations théologiques, mais pour y fonder une éthique. Comment redéfinir le goût dans la perspective éthique des Lumières, qui s’affronte aux valeurs humanistes, aux aspirations de l’individualité et de l’harmonie sociale, à l’idée du génie des nations, aux acquis du relativisme et de l’universalisme ?

Modalités de soumission

Les propositions d’article sont à envoyer avant le 1er juin 2022, sous la forme d’un résumé ne dépassant pas 500 mots, en français ou en anglais, accompagné d’une brève notice bio-bibliographique, aux deux adresses suivantes : guilhem.armand@univ-reunion.fr et sempere@unistra.fr. Après accord du comité scientifique, les propositions retenues seront attendues pour le 1er novembre 2022. Les articles feront entre 30.000 et 45.000 caractères espaces comprises et pourront conformément aux normes de la revue être rédigés en français ou en anglais ; ils seront accompagnés d’un résumé en 500 caractères maximum, espaces comprises, et d’une biobibliographie des auteurs en 300 caractères espaces comprises.

 

Exhibition | Bestowing Beauty

Posted in books, catalogues, exhibitions by Editor on May 1, 2022

Inkwell, Pakistan, Sindh, eighteenth century, steel, overlaid with gold (koftgari) (Houston: Hossein Afshar Collection at the MFAH). This inkwell is dedicated to Mir Fateh ‘Ali Sarkar-i Khan Talpur (r. 1783–1801/2), chief of the Talpurs, a tribe that conquered and ruled Sindh, in present-day Pakistan, from 1783 until 1843. The slit in the inkwell’s base, which makes it possible for a belt to pass through, suggests its portability and importance as part of courtly attire. The gold overlay, delicate decoration, and dedicatory inscription emphasize the power and prestige of the written word.

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From the Toledo Museum of Art’s press release for the exhibition:

Bestowing Beauty: Masterpieces from Persian Lands
The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 19 November 2017 — 11 February 2018
High Museum of Art, Atlanta, 12 December 2020 — 18 April 2021
Toledo Museum of Art, 23 April — 17 July 2022

Curated by Aimée Froom

This spring and summer the Toledo Museum of Art offers a spectacular exhibition of more than 100 objects drawn from one of the most significant private collections of Persian art. Bestowing Beauty: Masterpieces from Persian Lands showcases the artistic inventiveness of Persian culture across different media, featuring a broad array of textiles, ceramics, metalwork, lacquer, paintings, jewelry, and manuscripts from the Hossein Afshar Collection. Historically Persian lands—a wide swath of territory that at various times spanned from Cairo to Delhi, with its heart in what is now modern-day Iran—saw centuries of conquest and globalization. The art that resulted both reinforced Persian culture and assimilated these cross-cultural exchanges.

Woven throughout the stories of these extraordinary objects are experiences, ideas, and emotions shared by cultures across the globe. By evoking universal themes of love, loss, conflict, and spirituality the exhibition brings to life the rich heritage and enduring beauty of Persian art.

“Celebrating the cultural heritage of Iran at the Toledo Museum of Art with Bestowing Beauty represents a rare opportunity for our audiences to experience the grandeur and beauty of these objects in person,” said Diane Wright, the Museum’s senior curator of glass and contemporary craft. “An important area of trade and migration, Persian lands served as critical centers of artistic production and influence for centuries, which the exhibition brilliantly highlights through these extraordinary works of art.”

The visual and literary arts have held a privileged place in Iranian civilization for centuries. The Hossein Afshar Collection, which embraces a diverse range of treasures from the eve of Islam’s arrival in the seventh century to the end of the 19th century, was assembled to preserve and share Persian art and culture today and for future generations. The exceptional objects in Bestowing Beauty embody the history of trade and migration found in Persian art, as well as map the legacy of artistic and technological advancements across the region.

Signed ‘Ali-Quli’, Common Green Magpie, 1746–47, ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper (Hossein Afshar Collection at the MFAH).

The exhibition is divided into six sections:

Banquets and Battles features the exuberance of palace feasting and fighting, quintessential aspects of Persian kingship and perennially popular subjects in Persian art and literature. Feasts are portrayed across media, such as a 19th-century painting of a female juggler accompanied by a cat, and the exhibition also includes lavishly decorated serving vessels and utensils fashioned from metals and ceramic.

Faith and Piety explores how, after the advent of Islam, words from the Qur’an became paramount as a mode of expression. Exquisitely penned and sumptuously illuminated Qur’an manuscripts were produced across the Islamic world. Calligraphers also copied a variety of texts in addition to the Qur’an, such as sayings from the Hadith, Shi‘a invocations, literary manuscripts and poetry, all of which are included in the exhibition.

Art of the Word, the third section, delves into the different developments, styles and uses of calligraphy, enhancing the aesthetic form and rhythmic beauty of calligraphy. Words were woven into textiles, engraved onto metalwork, painted on ceramic objects and enamels, and carved into wood.

In Persian literature, love finds expression as a profound human connection and metaphor for a yearning for unity with the divine. Love and Longing traces how calligraphers and painters brought to life the rich corpus of Persian literature, from the exquisite miniature paintings from the Shahnama (Book of Kings), the Persian national epic, to couplets of lyric poetry and a pair of tightly embracing lovers on a slim lacquer pen case.

Kingship and Authority explores the kingly ideal, which figures prominently in Persian visual and literary culture. In addition to the Shahnama—the masterpiece that reflects the legends and virtues of Persian dynasties—court painters in the 19th century captured portraits of royalty and the ruling elite. This section also incorporates monumental silk carpets of the 16th and 17th centuries and an exquisite 19th-century pendant of gold, pearls, and gemstones.

The concluding section, Earth and Nature, examines the manifestations of flora and fauna that abound in the art of Iran. Its people were among the earliest civilizations to cultivate gardens. The garden’s symbolism—of paradise, of the promise of spring, of renewal—permeated Persian culture and can be seen in the exhibition through glorious depictions of lions, falcons, nightingales, roses, and fruit.

“The significance of Persian lands geographically, culturally and politically cannot be overstated,” said Sophie Ong, Hirsch curatorial fellow at the Toledo Museum of Art. “Bestowing Beauty draws attention to the splendor and complexity of Persian art, continuing TMA’s enrichment of the medieval world and beyond.”

Bestowing Beauty: Masterpieces from Persian Lands is organized by the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.

Aimée Froom, ed., Bestowing Beauty: Masterpieces from Persian Lands—Selections from the Hossein Afshar Collection (New Haven: Yale University Press, with The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 2021), 304 pages, ISBN‏: ‎978-0300247022, $85. With contributions by Walter Denny, Melanie Gibson, David Roxburgh, Robert Hillenbrand, Mary McWilliams, Janet O’Brien, Marianna Shreve Simpson, Eleanor Sims, Margaret Squires, and Julie Timte.

Abbot Hall Receives Screen Painted by George Romney

Posted in museums by Editor on April 30, 2022

From the press release (7 April 2022). . .

George Romney, Painted Screen, ca. 1760s (Kendal: Abbot Hall Art Gallery and Museum).

Lakeland Arts has received a four-paneled painted screen created by English portrait painter George Romney (1734–1802). The work has been allocated to Lakeland Arts for the nation through HM Government Acceptance in Lieu of Inheritance Tax Scheme by the Estate of Patricia Jaffé, administered by Arts Council England. The painted screen now enters the Abbot Hall Collection permanently, alongside several other Romney pieces acquired by Lakeland Arts throughout its 65-year history.

Dated by Alex Kidson as belonging to the early stages of the painter’s career, the screen is believed to have been painted during Romney’s early years in London, from 1762 onwards. The work takes its inspiration from the publication of engravings of wall paintings discovered in Pompeii in 1749 and circulated throughout Europe in Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte (Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed), first published in 1757. Romney has reworked the antique figures into poses of his own devising which echo their classical source. In doing so, the screen anticipates his later preoccupation with classical subject matter.

George Romeny, The Gower Family, The Children of Granville, 2nd Earl Gower, 1776–77, oil on canvas, 203 × 235 cm (Kendal: Abbot Hall Art Gallery and Museum).

Abbot Hall is home to one of the finest collections of Romney paintings in Britain, including the 1759–60 portrait of Captain Robert Banks, the 1796 group portrait The Four Friends, a pastel portrait of the Romantic poet Charlotte Smith, and several sketchbooks. Most significantly, the Collection holds claim to Romney’s masterpiece, the 1776–77 depiction of The Gower Family, the Children of Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Gower. A direct line can be drawn between the dancer bearing a tambourine in the second leaf of the painted screen and Lady Anne’s posture in The Gower Family.

Romney was one of the most fashionable and sought-after artists of his time and is known for his engagement with classical themes. The son of a cabinet-maker, Romney was born in Dalton-in-Furness in Lancashire (now Cumbria) and received informal artistic training in his youth. His career began in earnest when he moved to Kendal aged 21 to begin an apprenticeship under the Cumbrian portraitist Christopher Steele and later established his own studio in the town. Romney married the daughter of his landlady, who remained in Kendal with their family when he moved to London to pursue his ambitions. Although he returned sporadically to Cumbria, he moved back permanently towards the end of his working career and was nursed by his wife through two years of ill health before passing away in 1802.

The permanent allocation of the screen will provide an unrivalled opportunity for Abbot Hall visitors to see the development of this important aspect of Romney’s art throughout his working life. The screen may be the earliest surviving piece to illustrate Romney’s exploration of antique themes, and The Gower Family is considered his finest example of this genre, in any UK public collection. It is therefore fitting for both works to be in the care of Lakeland Arts.

Rhian Harris, Chief Executive at Lakeland Arts, said: “We are absolutely delighted the Romney screen has been acquired by Lakeland Arts on a permanent basis. Our thanks go to Arts Council England, the Acceptance in Lieu panel and the Trustees of the Patricia Jaffé Estate for recognising the important connection between George Romney and Kendal in allocating this important piece to Abbot Hall.”

Edward Harley OBE, Chairman of the Acceptance in Lieu Panel said: “I am delighted that this remarkable piece dating from the early stages of George Romney’s career has been allocated to Lakeland Arts for Abbot Hall in Kendal. It is fitting that it returns to the town in which the artist spent the early years of his career. It will allow the work to be compared alongside his masterpiece The Gower Children.”

The screen was accepted in lieu of inheritance tax in the 2020–21 financial year but permanently allocated to Lakeland Arts for Abbot Hall in March 2022. In 2020–21, £54 million worth of objects—paintings, archives, and items of cultural importance—were accepted for the nation through the Acceptance in Lieu and Cultural Gifts Schemes and allocated to museums across the UK.

The British Museum Releases NFTs of Piranesi Drawings

Posted in Art Market, museums by Editor on April 29, 2022
Giovanni Battista Piranesi, A Classical Forum with Steps and a Column, ca.1748–52, pen and brown ink, grey-brown wash, and red chalk
(London: The British Museum, 1908,0616.10)

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From the press release, via Art Daily:

For its latest collaboration with The British Museum, LaCollection has announced a new NFT drop drawn from a selection of 20 pen and chalk drawings from The British Museum’s collection by the Venetian-born artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778).

Piranesi is regarded as one of the greatest Italian printmakers of the 18th century, best known for his atmospheric representations of Roman antiquity, and in later years, his celebrated series of fictional prisons, La Carceri. His exceptional work as a draughtsman is less well known; yet, his drawings reveal the evolution of his practice and the relentless experimentation and innovation that underpinned his virtuoso ability with the etching needle.

Works included in this drop chart the evolution of the artist from early scenographic drawings to his more elaborate fantasy interiors. The selection includes some of the earliest drawings in The British Museum’s collection relating to his Prima Parte (1743) series of etchings of imaginary temples, palaces and the ruins of Rome.

A Monumental Staircase in a Vaulted Interior with Column (1750–55) is one of the most impressive Piranesi drawings in technique and scale found at The British Museum. Showcasing a mastery of craft, Piranesi deconstructed classical architecture language and reinvented it through dynamic compositions that animate and exaggerate the space; the use of red chalk combined with brown ink is unique in the Museum’s collection.

Piranesi’s drawings were investigative tools for experimentation that explore complex exercises in perspective and spatial representation as well as compelling fantasies. One such example is Architectural Fantasy with Monuments, Sculpture, and Ruins (1760–65), a fantasy scene bringing together a creative selection of different Roman monuments interspersed with figures drawn in miniature to accentuate the grandeur of the landscape.

The 20 artworks will be sold across three scarcity levels:
• Six will be Ultra Rare (two editions, one of which will be retained by The British Museum).
• Nine will be Super Rare (ten editions, one of which will be retained by The British Museum).
• Five will be Open Edition (a maximum of 50 editions will be sold with the final edition number set at the end of the primary sales window; one edition will be retained by The British Museum).

Ultra Rare artworks will be sold by auction, with a starting price of €4,000. Super Rare and Open Edition artworks will be sold at fixed price, selling for €2,000 and €499 respectively. Three preview artworks will be available to purchase from 25 April with the main drop starting on 2 May. All public sale artworks will be dropped by 13 May and the primary sales window will close on 30 June; after this point, no further sales of these artworks will be made by The British Museum. There will be a preferential sales window, closing on 15 May, after which the price of each Super Rare artwork will increase to €3,000 and each Open Edition to €749. For all existing NFT collectors there will be a private drop on 28 April and a final one on 16 May; artworks available to purchase in these drops will not be available in the public sale.

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Anyone looking for an introduction to NFTs might start with Kevin Roose, “What are NFTs? The Latecomer’s Guide to Crypto,” The New York Times (18 March 2022). Among the questions critics raise are the environmental impacts; some estimates place the carbon footprint of an NFT as equal to a month’s worth of electrical consumption for a person living in the EU, as noted by Justine Calma, “The Climate Controversy Swirling around NFTs,” Verge (15 March 2021). Also, see Charlotte Kent, “Can You Be an NFT Artist and an Environmentalist?” Wired (17 February 2022). CH

At Christie’s | Old Masters

Posted in Art Market by Editor on April 28, 2022

From the press release (via Art Daily) for the sale at Christie’s:

Maîtres Anciens: Dessins, Peintures, Sculptures, Sale 21059
Christie’s, Paris, 18 May 2022

Jacques Joseph André Aved (1702–1766), La dessineuse, oil on canvas, €150,000–250,000.

Ahead of the Salon du Dessin, which will be held from the 18th until the 23rd of May, Christie’s will present its sale dedicated to the Old Masters, led by an unpublished drawing by Michelangelo, one of the few still in private hands. The Old Masters sale will highlight a set of drawings, paintings, and sculptures carefully selected by our specialists. Major artists such as Théodore Gericault, Elisabeth Louise Vigée le Brun (whose painting has not been seen on the market since 1847), Jean-Baptiste Oudry, and Nicolas de Largillierre will be showcased in dialogue with the masters of drawing, such as Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Charles Natoire, and Jean-Antoine Watteau. The medium of sculpture will be represented including a splendid pyxis, enamelers such as Pierre Veyrier II, Jean II Pénicaud, and Léonard Limosin. The works will be exhibited alongside new creations by interior designer Hugo Toro. The sale consists of 264 lots for a global estimate of €6–9 million.

Drawings

The Old Master and 19th-Century Drawings Department will be highlighted with the drawing by Michelangelo, a nude man (after Masaccio), and two figures behind, along with a selection of about a hundred sheets under the common theme of rediscovery. They begin in the 17th century, with three unseen drawings by Martin Fréminet (1567–1619), an emblematic painter of the Fontainebleau School: Sketch for a Ceiling with an Allegorical Figure of Faith (€70,000–100,000), Study for a Biblical King (€20,000–30,000), and Medallion with Two Harpies and Garlands (€7,000–10,000). These studies, rendered in graphite and brown wash, are preparatory sketches for the painted decoration of the Trinity Chapel of the Château de Fontainebleau.

The French school will be well represented with such artists as Charles de La Fosse (1636–1716), Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732–1806), Charles Natoire, and Jean-Antoine Watteau (1732–1806)—including a red chalk representation of A Couple Walking in a Landscape (€100,000–150,000) and Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725–1805) with another beautiful ink and wash sheet representing Silenus’s March (€30,000–50,000). The latter drawing comes from the collections of Vincent Donjeux (1793), the Baron Charles de Vèze (1855), and François Walferdin (1860).

Paintings

The Old Master Paintings Department will present some beautiful rediscoveries, including a charming Portrait of a Child by Jacques Joseph André Aved (1702–1766), which illustrates perfectly the sometimes profoundly intimate art of 18th-century portraiture. The painting, called the La dessineuse, also testifies to the close artistic links between Aved and his friend Jean Siméon Chardin (1699–1779). Coming straight from the descendants of the artist, this painting will be sold for the first time since its inception. Estimated at €150,000–250,000, it will be presented with another important work from the same collection.

Another highlight from the painting section is a rare oil painting by Nicolas de Largillierre (1646–1756), whose religious subject makes it stands out within the artist’s corpus. This Saint Barthélemy (ca. 1710), with naturalistic features and bathed in divine light, was attributed to the artist only in 2003 by Dominique Brême, on the occasion of the exhibition at the musée Jacquemart-André. Brême recognized in the painting one of the apostles that decorated the painter’s elegant Parisian home on the rue Geoffroy-l’Angevin. It is estimated at €60,000–80,000.

Finally, with a distinguished provenance (which includes Delacroix’s personal collection, as well as Prince Napoléon’s and the collection of the Elie de Rothschild), a portrait of a soldier titled Lancier from the 1er Régiment de Chevau-Léger-Lanciers de la Garde, called Polonais, by Théodore Gericault (1791–1824) will number among this sale’s exceptional works (€80,000–100,000). Here, we find a few of the themes that were so dear to the artist and which herald romanticism, such as horses, battle scenes, and soldiers—themes that celebrate the artist’s ideals of liberty, heroism, and wonder.

Sculpture

Alexandre Mordret-Isambert, new specialist in sculpture in Paris, presents a selection that includes a rare liturgical object executed in Limoges during the second half of the 13th century, A Virgin and Child forming a pyxis. No equivalent is known in museums or private collections. The sculpture, in a very good state of preservation, has remained hidden from view since being exhibited at the Universal Exhibition of 1900. The pyxis comes from prestigious collections: first the Frédéric Spitzer collection (1815–1890), then the Victor Martin Le Roy collection (1842–1918), then by descent to his daughter Jeanne, wife of Jean-Joseph Marquet de Vasselot (1871–1946), curator at the Louvre and then director of the Cluny museum, an important collector of medieval and Renaissance art objects. In November 2011, Christie’s sold 24 works from the Marquet-Vassselot collection, including a carved ivory group representing The Virgin and Child Enthroned for €6,337,000. The family still kept this treasure. Many objects from the collection are now in museums, including the Louvre and Cluny.

Exhibition | Louis Chéron (1655–1725)

Posted in books, catalogues, exhibitions by Editor on April 27, 2022

The exhibition closed last month, but the catalogue is still available:

Louis Chéron: L’ambition du dessin parfait
Musée des Beaux-Arts, Caen, 4 December 2021 — 6 March 2022

Curated by François Marandet

Le musée des Beaux-Arts propose la première rétrospective consacrée à Louis Chéron, au travers d’une soixantaine d’œuvres issues de collections françaises et anglaises, couvrant une large période, de 1678 jusqu’aux années 1720.

Né à Paris en 1655, Louis Chéron quitte la France pour l’Angleterre en 1683. C’est à Londres qu’il vivra pendant trente ans, occupant là une place centrale au sein de la scène artistique. Les études académiques, les dessins d’invention, les projets d’illustration, les programmes pour de grands décors peints et les rares tableaux de chevalet conservés permettent de découvrir un artiste prolifique et précurseur. Contemporain de Louis Laguerre et de James Thornhill, à cheval sur deux siècles et deux nations, Cheron, souvent considéré comme un « suiveur de Charles Le Brun », reflète l’esprit classique français. Il annonce également, par ses dessins d’invention et sa peinture de chevalet proprement fantastiques, l’art de la génération suivante. En 1720, il crée sa propre école d’art à Londres, dont l’originalité est l’introduction de femmes nues comme modèles. Un peintre aussi célèbre que William Hogarth y suivra des cours.

The press packet is available as a PDF file here»

François Marandet, with prefaces by Emmanuelle Delapierre and Robin Simon, Louis Chéron (1655–1725): L’ambition du dessin parfait (Ballan-Miré: Illustria Librairie des Musées, 2022), 288 pages, ISBN: ‎978-2354040956, 30€.

Online Workshops | Egypt in Early-Modern Antiquarian Imagery

Posted in lectures (to attend), online learning by Editor on April 26, 2022

From the Antiquitatum Thesaurus research project:

Ägypten in der frühneuzeitlichen antiquarischen Bildwelt
Egypt in Early-Modern Antiquarian Imagery
Online Workshops, 5 May, 2 June, and 7 July 2022

Antiquitatum Thesaurus: Antiquities in European Visual Sources from the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

On the occasion of this year’s anniversaries of important milestones in the recent reception of Egypt, the academy project Antiquitatum Thesaurus devotes three digital workshops in the summer semester of 2022 to the perception of the land on the Nile in the early modern period. The focus will be on various personal motivations of some of the protagonists, the antiquarian or scientific methods they used, and a broad spectrum of media in which the engagement with Egyptian or Egyptianizing artifacts and images was reflected from the 15th to the 18th century. In addition, current research projects present their perspectives on the reception of Egypt.

Thursday, 5 May 2022, 4pm

• Michail Chatzidakis (Berlin), „Ad summam sui verticem pyramidalem in figuram vidimus ascendentes […] anti quissimum Phoenicibus caracteribus epigramma conspeximus“. Bemerkungen zu den ägyptischen Reisen Ciriacos d’Ancona
• Catharine Wallace (West Chester), Pirro Ligorio and the Late Renaissance Memory of Egypt in Rome
• Stefan Baumann (Trier), Project Presentation: Early Egyptian Travel Accounts from Late Antiquity to Napoleon

Please register at: https://bit.ly/3LQWgMB

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Thursday, 2 June 2022, 4pm

• Maren Elisabeth Schwab (Kiel), Herodots Ägypten im Interessenshorizont italienischer Antiquare
• Alfred Grimm (München), Osiris cum capite Accipitris. Zu einem Objekt aus der Bellori-Sammlung und dem Barberinischen „Osiris“
• Florian Ebeling (München), Project Presentation: Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der Ägyptenrezeption

Please register at: https://bit.ly/3O4dS9O

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Thursday, 7 July 2022, 4pm

• Guillaume Sellier (Montréal), Oldest Egyptian Artefacts in Canada: The Quebec Palace Intendant’s Amulets
• Valentin Boyer (Paris), „Sphinxomanie“ durch die Ikonographie ägyptisierender Exlibris
• Nils Hempel, Timo Strauch (BBAW), Project Presentation: Antiquitatum Thesaurus. Antiken in den europäischen Bildquel­len des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts

Please register at: https://bit.ly/3rd7T8z

Call for Papers | Images & Institutions, Early Modern Scientific Societies

Posted in Calls for Papers by Editor on April 25, 2022

From ArtHist.net:

Images and Institutions: The Visual Culture of Early Modern Scientific Societies
Accademia dei Lincei, Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome (KNIR), and the Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History, Rome, 14–16 September 2022

Organized by Katherine Reinhart and Matthijs Jonker

Proposals due by 15 May 2022

One of the most important developments in early modern science was the foundation of institutions for collaborative research and the publication of knowledge, such as the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome (1603), the Accademia del Cimento in Florence (1657), the Royal Society in London (1660), the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris (1666), and the Scientific Academy of St Petersburg (1725). The communication of knowledge was integral to early modern processes of knowledge production in these new sites of collaborative science. Within these institutions, knowledge was not only acquired and disseminated orally and textually, but also visually. From drawings which circulated in society meetings to the printed plates in their published books, images across all media were vital to the developing practices of early modern science.

A growing body of scholarship has convincingly shown the importance of images and image-making practices to early modern knowledge production. Scholars have shown, for instance, that early modern botanists, zoologists, and physicians used drawings and prints as visual narratives to prove an argument or the existence of a species, as substitutes for the objects described, as mnemonic aids, or as tools themselves (Dackerman, Daston, Kusukawa). Research has also been done showing the important relationships between artists, natural philosophers and their collections (Baldriga, Egmond, Tongiorgi Tomasi). However, these studies have focused on single institutions or individual practitioners, and we still lack a comprehensive and comparative understanding of the relationships between visual culture and the developing practices of collaborative science.

Therefore, this project, Images and Institutions, seeks to fill that gap by bringing together an international team of historians of art and science for a three-day symposium in Rome to gain a larger picture of these relationships. Within these early institutions, images functioned in diverse ways: they communicated new ideas, recorded new phenomena, demonstrated new instruments, and stood in for missing specimens. They expressed theories, clarified arguments, organized concepts, and persuaded colleagues. Some images were created from nature or ad vivum, while others portrayed scientific ideas allegorically. In bringing together an interdisciplinary group of scholars, this symposium will reevaluate the functions of images and image-making practices that were integral to the advancement of early modern science within its formative institutions. The symposium contributes to widening disciplinary boundaries by bringing scholars from different fields into conversation and by having a wide geographical perspective.

We are interested in how images and image-making practices contributed to the collective and collaborative production and dissemination of knowledge in scientific institutions from the 16th until the 18th century. Central questions for this symposium include: What common visual practices were shared among these institutions, and importantly, where did they diverge? How did differing national artistic contexts impact the visual culture of scientific institutions? And how did these relationships shift over time with new enlightenment societies founded in the 18th century? By comparing these institutions, this symposium will explore the ways in which images and image-making practices were integral to the advancement of early modern collaborative science.

The symposium will consist of 30-minute papers, which will be the basis for a published edited volume. The symposium will take place on 14–16 September 2022 in Rome, and some travel and lodging assistance is available. Scholars of art history, visual studies, and history of science and knowledge from all career phases are encouraged to apply. We welcome abstracts which explore visual strategies in early modern collaborative science, particularly in the context of Spain, Germany, Eastern Europe, as well as non-European regions.

To apply, please send an abstract of no more than 300 words, accompanied by a brief (2-page) CV to secretary@knir.it with the subject line: ‘Images and Institutions’. The deadline for abstracts is 15 May 2022. Applicants will be notified in early June. For queries, please contact Katherine Reinhart (kmreinhart@wisc.edu) or Matthijs Jonker (m.jonker@knir.it).

Scientific Committee
Irene Baldriga (Sapienza, Università di Roma), Sietske Fransen (Bibliotheca Hertziana), Matthijs Jonker (KNIR), and Katherine Reinhart (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

This symposium is made possible with support from the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome (KNIR), Bibliotheca Hertziana, Max Planck Institute for Art History in Rome, the Accademia dei Lincei (IT), the Association for Art History (UK), the Society for Renaissance Studies (UK), and The Huizinga Institute RNW History and Philosophy of Science (NL).

Call for Papers | The Cultural Ramifications of Water, 1650–1850

Posted in Calls for Papers by Editor on April 25, 2022

From the Call for Papers:

The Cultural Ramifications of Water in Early Modern Texts and Images, 1650–1850
A special issue of 1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era
Edited by Leigh G. Dillard and Christina Ionescu

Proposals due by 15 May 2022

This special issue offers a fresh, wide-ranging perspective on the agency of water in relation to knowledge, innovation, and individual or collective identity by investigating parallel and interconnected visual and/or textual representations of this fundamental element in the early modern period. We currently seek two more contributions to complete this issue that evolved from a series of panels at the 2021 virtual conference of the International Association of Word and Image Studies.

A number of bestselling novels of the early modern period include key episodes in which water—whether in the form of oceans, seas, ponds, lakes, torrents, springs, rivulets, falls, wells, or fountains—plays a crucial symbolic role, variously expressing the passions embodied by ‘nature’ or more cultivated versions of this dangerous element. Charged with significance and symbolism, these representations of water are sometimes used as a backdrop or setting to the main action, but at other times, they represent an active agent in the human dramas that unfold when characters interact with this element in its materiality and that interaction unexpectedly alters the course of their lives in consequential ways. The results are often deeply poignant—drowning, shipwreck, trauma, flooding, etc.—but they can also be positively transformative—self-discovery, spiritual healing, physical nourishment, even fulfilment, etc. Within fictional realms, water acts, moreover, as a marker of identity and place in literary cartographies, triggers vital memories and meanings, surreptitiously encodes libertine thoughts, and simultaneously separates and unifies peoples, countries, and continents. In early modern literary illustration, water is equally omnipresent, and its representation is endowed with a degree of complexity that invites a closer look from an interdisciplinary perspective.

As humans grappled with mechanisation and modernisation in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, water emerged from the background to become a key element in scientific and technical illustration. Technological innovations relying on the use of water, such as the stationary steam engine and the spinning frame, were prominently displayed and meticulously explained in encyclopedias, periodicals, and specialised treatises. Through empirical observation, both professional and amateur scientists lavished attention on natural phenomena such as geysers, waterfalls, and stalagmites and stalactites, often documenting their findings not only by conventional textual means but also inventive pictorial ones. At a time when the lack of water facilitated the spread of death and disease in overcrowded cities such as Hogarth’s London, bathing in thermal pools or exposure to seawater, which were strongly advocated in medical literature, were perceived by the wealthy as beneficial to health and healing. Prints depicting the age-old cult of water, watering-places, and structures designed to contain or manipulate the flow of water proliferated throughout Europe.

For this special issue of 1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era, we invite proposals engaging with texts and images that shed light on the cultural ramifications of water during this important timeframe. In particular, we are interested in the way in which images visually interpret and subtly challenge the sophisticated textual dynamics between nature and culture or investigate the multiple configurations of water. Examples of verbal and visual engagements with water and its materiality during this transformative historical period may be selected from a diverse range of fields, including angling, architecture, art, botany, garden design, geology, horticulture, hydraulics, literature, natural history, medicine, and print culture. Papers addressing word and image interaction through the following topics are particularly welcome: architecture and landscape designs as a nexus of space, place, identity, and water; connections through water between humans and the environment; and water as a healing agent, source of life, and force of nature. Proposals that engage with the topic diachronically and transnationally would enhance this special issue. Please send proposal to Leigh G. Dillard (leigh.dillard@ung.edu) and Christina Ionescu (cionescu@mta.ca) by May 15, 2022.